EXAM 2 study deck Flashcards
MASTER
Choose the correct explanation of spontaneous movements.
a. are also referred to as rhythmical stereotypies
b. are reflexive
c. are random movement and not, at any point, coordinated movements
d. include reflexive movements that mimic voluntary movements
a.
What are the 3 types of reflexive behaviors in infanthood?
a. Primitive reflexes, postural reflexes, locomotor reflexes
b. Moro reflex, parachute reflex, swim reflex
c. Reflexive reflexes, spontaneous reflexes, voluntary reflexes
d. Crawling reflexes, creeping reflexes, cruising reflexes
a.
Choose the correct explanation of reflexes
a. are controlled at the cortical level
b. do not have a protective function
c. may serve as practice for later motor milestones
d. are voluntary movements
c.
Choose the correct explanation of reaching and grasping
a. are accomplished before the onset of unassisted sitting
b. have both perceptual and motor control components
c. are unaffected by memory
d. are less affected by practice than by their genetic predisposition
b.
When pediatricians examine infants they
a. infrequently screen for developmental delays
b. rely on clinical judgments
c. review the attainments of motor milestones
d. all of these
d.
What is the correct information about Cerebral Palsy?
a. is obvious at birth
b. always involves a cognitive deficit
c. may include problems of perception and communication
d. is a single disorder as opposed to a group of neurodevelopmental disorders
c.
Cylindrical, hook, and tip are all types of grasps/grips.
True
False
True
Place the 3 stages of prenatal development into the correct order.
a. Embryonic → Germinal → Fetal
b. Germinal → Fetal → Embryonic
c. Fetal → Embryonic → Germinal
d. Germinal → Embryonic → Fetal
d.
Which is the last sense to develop during infancy?
a. Hearing
b. Taste
c. Vision
d. Touch
c.
Which of the following is NOT a locomotor skill?
a. Hopping
b. Bending
c. Skipping
d. Jumping
b.
What are the 3 general grouping of reflexive behavior?? Provide an example of each reflex
group.
Primitive Reflexes - Moro reflex
Postural Reflexes - parachute reflex
Locomotor Reflexes - Crawling reflex
Gabbard has referred to fundamental movement skills as the movement foundation because of
their importance in
a. activities of daily living
b. complex skill combinations used in sporting activities
c. the development of cognition
d. the development of muscle mass
b.
Fundamental movement skills can be divided into which of these three general groupings?
a. stability skills, locomotor skills, manipulative skills
b. cognitive skills, affective skills, psychomotor skills
c. games, gymnastics, dance
d. games of low organization, self-testing activities, lifetime activities
a.
As people move into older adulthood, they are predominantly
a. learning new skills
b. learning to combine two or more discrete skills
c. adapting their movements due to changes in their organismic constraints
d. learning to combine two or more serial skills
c.
It is appropriate to measure improvement in movement skills by
a. comparing when an individual acquires a skill relative to when most individuals acquire
the skill
b. looking at the final product
c. examining changes in the movement pattern
d. examining either changes in the movement pattern or changes in the movement
product
d.
With respect to the overarm throw for distance and accuracy,
a. more girls than boys remain unskilled into their middle school years
b. quantitative differences between boys and girls are now insignificant because of the
passage of Title IX
c. most females achieve a mature throw
d. elementary school boys and girls demonstrate similar techniques
a.
- The three methods used to measure improvement or delays in motor skills development are
____________, ___________, and ______________.
Age norms, quantitative measures, qualitative measures
The two theoretical perspectives that see movement skill emerge and become refined over time
through changes in the individual, environmental, and task-related constraints imposed on the
organism-environment system are the _____________ perspective and the ________________
perspective.
Ecological approach, dynamic systems theory
Which of the following is NOT a factor that causes a decrease in gait speed in older adults?
a. reduced stride length
b. decreased stride frequency
c. increased double-support time
d. more flat-footed contact with the ground
b.
Which of the following is the simplest measure of the age of peak athletic performance in
humans?
a. longitudinal study assessing athletic performance
b. cross-sectional study assessing athletic performance in adults of various ages
c. comparison of the ages of world record holders
d. comparison of athletic performance across sports
c.
Which of the following is TRUE?
a. Elite performance has significantly improved over the last century.
b. Age at which elite performance occurs has significantly improved over the last century.
c. Gender differences have significantly increased over the last century.
d. None of above
a.
A fear of falling can cause older adults to
a. increase their physical activities
b. walk with longer steps
c. walk with more time in double stance
d. increased step frequency
c.
Which of the following is a reason why physical activity levels change with adulthood?
a. More free time
b. Easier access to facilities
c. Peaks in physical performance
d. Financial constraints
d.
Which of the following activities is least effective in developing stronger and thicker bones?
a. weightlifting
b. running
c. swimming
d. powerlifting
c.
Which of the following suggestions is NOT appropriate for hypertensive individuals?
a. participate in high-intensity exercise
b. participate in weight training
c. encourage breathing during the movements
d. participate in aerobic exercise
a.
Which of the following is a functional age-related change in the visual system?
a. increased cornea thickness
b. reduced visual accommodation
c. decreased pupil size
d. decreased ability to adapt to light changes
d.
Maximal strength peaks and plateaus until what age?
a. 25 to 30 years
b. 30 to 35 years
c. 35 to 40 years
d. 40 to 45 years
c.
Which of the following has the greatest rate of decline?
a. skeletal muscle mass
b. strength
c. power
d. all of these have the same rate of decline
a.
- Endurance-trained athletes experience a decreased rate of decline in comparison to sedentary individuals.
True
False
false
What is the most commonly found age-related change in kinesthetic perception?
a. body awareness
b. spatial awareness
c. tactile sensitivity
d. laterality
c.
Exercise is a non-modifiable risk factors of the low bone mass density in aging population.
True
False
False
Age related muscle loss is known as __________.
Sarcopenia
______________ is a condition characterized by weakened bones that are more prone to
fractures, while _____________ is a less severe form where the bones are weaker than normal
but not to the extent of disease state.
Osteoporosis; osteopenia
Which theory of contextual interference argues that random practice forces the person to
abandon and then reassemble a skill?
a. forgetting and reconstruction
b. elaboration
c. distinction
d. augmentation
a.
Cognitive rehearsal of a physical skill is called
a. mental practice
b. imagery
c. distributed practice
d. mind over body
a.
The “sensorimotor representation of a skill” explanation of practice specificity predicts that
a. the value of sensory feedback diminishes with extensive practice
b. the impact of vision diminishes with extensive practice
c. adding or deleting sensory information will disrupt performance during transfer tasks
d. deleting sensory information will disrupt performance during transfer tasks
c.
Which part practice method breaks a task into distinct parts, often along the dimension of time?
a. fractionation
b. segmentation
c. simplification
d. cueing
b.
The guideline for implementing practice variability for the learning of open skills is to vary both
regulatory and nonregulatory conditions.
True
False
True
The contextual interference effect has been found for learning perceptual-cognitive skills
required for making decisions in sports.
True
False
True
Research has shown that people who practice in a blocked practice schedule tend to
overestimate how much they are learning during practice.
True
False
True
Regulatory conditions in a motor skill performance situation include:
a. Speed of a tennis ball during a rally
b. Score of a baseball game
c. Number of spectators at a game
d. Color of a pen that you need to pick up
a.
The amount of contextual interference in a practice situation can be considered as a continuum
ranging from low to high created by the practice schedule. Which of the following practice
schedules describes a low-to-high continuum of practice schedules?
a. Blocked-Serial-Random
b. Blocked-Random-Serial
c. Serial-Random-Blocked
d. Random-Serial-Blocked
a.
Which of the following situations does not support the specificity of practice hypothesis?
a. The cognitive processing characteristics required during practice
b. The environmental context characteristics of the practice experience
c. The practice schedules used to practice multiple variations of a skill
d. The type of sensory or perceptual information available during practice
c.
Research has shown that beginning badminton players learned the long, short, and drive serves
best when they followed a ________ schedule to practice the serves.
Random
Research has shown that the overlearning strategy benefits the learning of all types of motor
skills.
True
False
False
The classic study by Longman and Baddeley, which involved the training of postal workers to
perform a keyboarding skill, demonstrated that distributed practice is better for learning than
massed practice when it applies to the length and distribution of practice sessions.
True
False
True
Sleep improves the memory consolidation process which may be one reason why distributing
practice sessions is more successful than massing practice.
True
False
True
Massed intertrial interval schedules lead to better learning for continuous skills than distributed
schedules.
True
False
False
In the study by Schendel and Hagman (1982), the machine gun assembly-disassembly skill that
was shown to benefit from overtraining is an example of a(n):
a. Procedural skill
b. Continuous skill
c. Dynamic skill
d. Open skill
a.
When increasing the amount of practice beyond a certain point does not lead to results
proportionally beneficial for learning, the practice has reached a point of:
a. Diminishing returns
b. Limited benefit
c. Overpractice
d. Saturation
a.
Which of the following is a reason why more practice can lead to poorer retention and transfer
test performance?
a. If the to-be-learned task is too simple people become bored
b. Learners stop putting in enough cognitive effort to improve
c. Continued practice of the same movement reduces practice variability and therefore
one’s capability to remember the movement or transfer learning to a movement
variation
d. All of the above
d.
Although research supports overlearning as an effective practice strategy for learning motor
skills, it is important to remember that the amount of practice is:
a. Next in importance to variability for influencing skill learning
b. Not a critical variable influencing skill learning
c. Not the most critical variable influencing skill learning
d. The most critical variable influencing skill learning
c.
Practice schedule A involves two 1-hour practice sessions on each of three days, while schedule
B involves one 1-hour practice session on each of six days. In this scenario, schedule A would be
referred to as:
a. Blocked practice
b. Distributed practice
c. Massed practice
d. Random practice
c.
An individual is learning a new continuous motor skill. What type of practice distribution should
they follow for the length and frequency of their practice sessions and the intertrial intervals
within a practice session (respectively)?
a. Massed, Distributed
b. Massed, Massed
c. Distributed, Distributed
d. Distributed, Massed
c.
Of the two types of imagery that have been categorized, the one that involves people
experiencing the sensations that could be expected in an actual performance situation is called
________ imagery.
Internal
A potential problem with the use of manual guidance is that it can create a dependence on this
type of feedback by the learner.
True
False
True
The sensory-perceptual information that is a natural part of performing a skill is known as:
a. Task-intrinsic feedback
b. Augmented feedback
c. Concurrent feedback
d. Terminal feedback
a.
When augmented feedback serves to encourage a person to continue striving to achieve a
performance goal, augmented feedback functions as:
a. A guide to correct errors
b. Motivation
c. Reinforcement
d. Task intrinsic feedback
b.
Most research shows that when augmented feedback is based on performance errors versus
correct performance:
a. Error-based feedback is better for facilitating motor skill learning.
b. Correct performance feedback is better for facilitating motor skill learning.
c. Error-based feedback is better early in practice, but correct performance feedback is
better later in practice.
d. Correct performance feedback is better early in practice, but error-based feedback is
better later in practice.
a.
Participants who were given erroneous Knowledge of Results (KR) when they could have learned
a task based on task-intrinsic feedback without KR:
a. Attended to the task-intrinsic feedback and ignored the erroneous KR
b. Ignored the task-intrinsic feedback and performed according to the erroneous KR
c. Attended to both the task-intrinsic feedback and erroneous KR and performed according
to a mid-point between them
d. Became confused and performed erratically
b.
If video replay is used as augmented feedback for beginners, research shows that it tends to
work better when it is used:
a. In any situation in all stages of learning
b. Only for advanced performers
c. Only with the instructor present
d. Video replays should never be used with beginners
c.
Which of the following is an example of the use of concurrent augmented feedback?
a. When driving on a narrow, curvy street in a car simulator, seeing different visible signals
to indicate when the car is inside or outside the street
b. When using EMG biofeedback, hearing a beeping sound when the target muscle is
activated
c. When performing a knee-extension movement, seeing the knee-angle displacement
curve change on a computer monitor
d. All of these
d.
One activity shown to actually benefit skill learning when it occurs in the Knowledge of Result
(KR)-delay interval is:
a. Practicing another skill that has KR presented on each trial
b. Performing any type of motor skill
c. Performing any type of verbal skill
d. Estimating your own error for the just completed response
d.
If a person throws a series of 50 darts at a target that cannot be seen and is shown the results of
each set of 10 throws at the end of every 10 throws, the augmented feedback technique is called
the:
a. Performance-bandwidth technique
b. Averaged augmented feedback technique
c. Summary augmented feedback technique
d. Self-selected technique
c.
A learner is most likely to become dependent on augmented feedback when:
a. Task-intrinsic feedback is minimal or difficult to detect
b. The learner substitutes augmented feedback for task-intrinsic feedback
c. Augmented feedback becomes an essential part of the task
d. All of the above
d.
The technique used by Winstein and Schmidt (1990) that yielded the most effective means of
reducing the frequency of augmented feedback was called the ________ technique.
Faded
