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Personality Psychology > Exam 2 Study > Flashcards

Exam 2 Study Flashcards

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1
Q

Components of emotion

A 
Appraisal 
Physical response 
Motives/action tendencies 
Non-verbal behaviors/expression 
Subjective experience

(Not in any particular order)

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2
Q

Appraisal

A

Differentiates among emotions
Can be conscious or non-conscious

Ex. Is this congruent with my goals?

(Components of emotion)

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3
Q

Physical response

A 
Differentiates emotions (somewhat) 
E.g. changes in heart rate, sweating

(Components of emotion)

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4
Q

Motives/action tendencies

A

Specific behaviors (actual or desired) for different emotions

(Components of emotion)

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5
Q

Non-verbal behaviors/expressions

A

Most emotions involve some form of physical expression (posture, facial expressions)

(Components of emotion)

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6
Q

Lexical Approach

A

Finding/studying basic emotions
Love, joy, (surprise), anger, sadness, fear

Chinese sample had shame emerge
US and China experience/definition of love differently

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7
Q

Universal Facial Expressions Approach

A

Finding/studying basic emotions

Darwin: expressions are evolved, adaptive
Signal our emotional state to others
Facilitate social interaction, group life, attachment, protection from predators

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8
Q

Dimensional Approach

A 
Different emotions are combinations of different appraisal dimensions 
• valence (pos vs. neg) 
• arousal (high vs. low) 
Focus on experience of emotion 
Labels are arbitrary
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9
Q

Basic emotions

A

Innate expression and recognition in babies
Same for people who are born blind
Other species also have these basic expressions

Happiness, sadness, anger, fear, love

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10
Q

Circumplex model of emotion

A

“The model assumes that all emotions very along two dimensions, from aroused to unaroused, and from negative to positive.”

Circle that can turn but still be the same

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11
Q

Emotional intelligence

A

Includes accurately perceiving emotions in oneself and others, and controlling and regulating one’s own emotion

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12
Q

Sources of happiness

A
  1. An individual set point, so it is moderately stable over time
  2. Objective life circumstances
  3. Outlook on life and the behaviors that come from it
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13
Q

Reappraisal

A

Framing emotional situation differently
Can change emotional experience, physiology
But not always possible!

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14
Q

Suppression

A

Inhibiting display and/or experience of emotion
Can be problematic for health, well-being
Not very effective

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15
Q

Procedural knowledge

A

Like riding a bike or singing, emotion cannot be learned or fully expressed through words, but only through action and experience.

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16
Q

The “me” self

A

Self as object
View of yourself
Fully conscious

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17
Q

The “I” self

A

Your “soul” or the voice inside your head

Unconscious, implicit thoughts, feelings and information processing

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18
Q

Declarative self

A

Conscious knowledge; beliefs about the self

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19
Q

Procedural self

A

Habitual patterns of behavior; unconscious self-knowledge

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20
Q

The four primary purposes to self-knowledge

A

Self-regulation
Information processing filter
Understanding others
Identity

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21
Q

Self-regulation

A

Influences behavior

Thinking about the future helps us focus on long-term goals

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22
Q

Information processing filter

A

We process/remember self-relevant information differently (better)

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23
Q

Understanding others

A

Our own experiences guide our perceptions of others

Emotional intelligence

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24
Q

Identity

A

Helps us understand our connection to broader groups

Emphasizes meaningful affiliations/relationships

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25
Q

Self-esteem

A

Overall opinion about whether you are good or bad, worthy or unworthy, or somewhere in between

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26
Q

Self-schema

A

Cognitive structure in which the declarative self resides, including all of ones ideas about the self organized into a coherent system

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27
Q

How can you improve self awareness?

A

Realistic Accuracy Model

Asking what questions instead of why questions

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28
Q

How does the realistic accuracy model apply to self-judgments?

A

Target, relevance, availability, detection, utilization, judge

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29
Q

Self-esteem vs. narcissism

A 
S-e 
• stable
• realistic, authentic 
• grounded in achievement 
• predicts positive outcomes 
Narcissism 
• high but unstable self esteem 
• unrealistic, defensive 
• not grounded in actual accomplishments 
• predicts negative outcomes
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30
Q

Positive illusions

A

Viewing oneself as above average compared to others
Believing you are more likely to obtain positive outcomes than others
Hard to assess accuracy
Linked with greater well-being

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31
Q

Self-enhancement

A 
Viewing oneself more positively than others view you 
More objective criteria 
Short term benefits, long term costs 
Linked with poor evaluation by others 
Linked switch narcissism
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32
Q

Is self-recognition uniquely human? How is it measured?

A

Rogue test
- place mark on child’s face to see if they touch it— self recognition
Chimps have similar results
Dogs can self recognize by scent

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33
Q

Downward social comparison

A

(How we maintain self esteem)

Maintains or increases self-esteem via favorable comparison

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34
Q

Upward social comparison

A

(How do we maintain self esteem)

Could increase self-esteem via motivation to improve

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35
Q

Self-handicapping

A

(How we maintain self esteem)
Deliberately do activities that increase chance of failure
Provides excuse for failure

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36
Q

Defensive pessimism

A

Expect failure, prepare for the worst
Set low expectations
can be motivating for some people

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37
Q

Self-discrepancy theory

A

You have not one but two kinds of desired selves (ideal self and ought self), and the difference between them and your actual self determines how you feel

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38
Q

Ideal self

A

Your view of what you could be at your best

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39
Q

Ought self

A

Your view of what you should—as opposed to what you would like to—be

40
Q

Conscious self schema

A

Contains our ideas about our characteristics and capabilities

41
Q

Self-efficacy

A

Our opinions about our capabilities which set the limits of what we will attempt

42
Q

Reference groups

A

The group that we compare ourselves to to understand ourselves

43
Q

Self-schema

A

All of ones ideas about the self, organized into a coherent system

44
Q

Heritability

A

Percentage of variability wallabies by genetic factors
Estimates apply to groups, not individuals
Estimates are strongly determined by particular group being studied

45
Q

Calculating a heritability coefficient

A

h = 2(r[mz]-r[dz])

46
Q

Natural selection in terms of personality

A

Competition for limited resources
Random genetic variation
Adaptation to environment
Most adaptive genes most likely passed on
Adaptive traits
• increase organisms likelihood of survival and reproduction
• more likely to be passed to future generations

47
Q

Sociometer theory (Leary)

A

Feelings of self-esteem evolved to monitor the degree to which a person is accepted by others

48
Q

Criticisms of evolutionary theory

A
  1. Difficult to test empirically
  2. Legitimize problematic behaviors
  3. Conservative perspective
  4. Largely ignores social/cultural context
49
Q

Behavioral genetics

A

Addresses how traits are passed from parent to child and shared by biological relatives.
Controversy:
• eugenics (humanity’s improvement through selective breeding)
• cloning
• the public might think that nurture things may come from nature entirely

50
Q

Heritability research

A

Twin studies
• simple, elegant, easy calculations
• does not account for rest of population, figures are averages
Calculate similarities in relatives other than twins
• gets at broader heritability
• May be too low

51
Q

Psychic determinism

A

The idea that everything that happens has a cause that can be identified

(In principle, not always practice)

52
Q

Uncovering unconscious

A

Hypnosis (not as much anymore)
Parapraxes (unintentional expressions of the unconscious)
Free association (allowing the mind to wander without censors)
Dream analysis

53
Q

Critiques of psychoanalytic Approach

A
  1. Unnecessarily complex
  2. Excessive reliance on case studies
  3. Definitions and terms are often vague
  4. Sexist (misogynistic ideas)
  5. Ideas difficult to test
54
Q

Neo-Freudian adaptations

A
  1. Less emphasis on sex/agression
  2. More emphasis on conscious processes
  3. More emphasis on interpersonal relationships
  4. More positive portrayal of women
  5. More emphasis on experimental methods
55
Q

Secure attachment

A

Sensitive, responsive caregiving
Comfortable with physical contact
Explores environment when parent is nearby
Easily soothed at reunion

56
Q

Avoidant attachment

A 
Parental rejections 
Discomfort with closeness, emotionally distant 
Little exploratory activity 
Cries little during separation 
Avoid parents at reunion
57
Q

Anxious-ambivalent attachment

A 
Inconsistent responsiveness 
Parental insensitivity and uncertain 
Preoccupied with caregiver 
Very distressed at separation 
Not soothed during reunion, often angry
58
Q

Disorganized attachment

A

No clear strategy for coping with separation
Odd, unusual behaviors
Linked to frightening parental behavior

59
Q

John Bowlby (attachment theory) (1907-1990)

A

Psychoanalyst dissatisfied with prior explanations for attachment
- what about physical contact or nurturing?
Observed destructive effects of maternal separation, orphaned children

60
Q

Mary Ainsworth (attachment theory) (1913-1999)

A

Individual differences in attachment quality
Home observations in US and Ghana
The Strange Situation
- laboratory assessment of infant-caregiver attachment dynamics
- roughly 12-18 month olds
-brief séparations and reunions
Came up with attachment styles

61
Q

Attachment in adulthood

A

Secure: more stable relationships, better parenting skills
Avoidance: less satisfied in relationships, more likely to have casual sex
Anxious-ambivalent: more “drama” in relationships, tendency toward mental health problems

62
Q

Id

A

At unconscious, motivation gratification

63
Q

Super-ego

A

Conscious and preconscious

Morals

64
Q

Ego

A

Preconscious

Allows you to act without violating morals

65
Q

Transference

A

The tendency to bring ways of thinking, feeling and behaving that developed toward one important person into a later relationship with a different person

66
Q

Psychic conflict

A

Conflict of the mind between the distinct and individual parts
(Psychoanalysis)

67
Q

Fixation

A

Erik Erikson

Unresolved stages of development will result in the continuous struggle of that stage

68
Q

Regression

A

Erik Erikson

When an adult is fixated on a stage of development, they tend to go back to it under stressful situations

69
Q

Doctrine of opposites

A

States that everything implies, even requires, it’s opposite: life requires death, happiness requires sadness. One cannot exist without the other

70
Q

Libido

A

The fixed and finite energy the mind has in order to function

71
Q

Manifest content

A

Dream analysis

What the dream is actually about

72
Q

Latent content

A

Dream analysis

What the dream could mean for the unconscious

73
Q

Object relations theory

A

Objects: partially accurate mental images

Modern school of psychoanalysis that deals with their implications and origins

74
Q

Psychosocial Development

A 
Revision to Freuds psychosexual theory 
Goes into late adulthood 
1. Trust vs. mistrust 
2. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt 
3. Initiative vs. guilt 
4. Industry vs. inferiority 
5. Identity vs. identity confusion 
6. Intimacy vs. isolation 
7. Generativity vs. stagnation 
8. Integrity vs. despair
75
Q

Denial

A

Refusing to believe the bad news or other knowledge that might make one anxious

76
Q

Repression

A

Might involve failing to acknowledge that might remind a person of an unwanted thought
Could mean actually forgetting it

77
Q

Réaction formation

A

Defends ones peace of mind by creating the opposite idea

78
Q

Projection

A

Developing the idea that something one fears is true about themselves is actually true about other people

79
Q

Rationalization

A

Comes up with a rational explanation for doing what one wants without acknowledging real motivations

80
Q

Intellectualization

A

Translates anxiety-producing thoughts into theories that put emotion at a distance

81
Q

Displacement

A

Moving the object of ones emotions from a dangerous target to a safe one

82
Q

Sublimation

A

Provides a safe outlet for otherwise problematical desires

83
Q

Shared and non-shared environment influences

A

Shared: home life, parents, socioeconomic

Non-shared: friends, parents treatment, personality type

84
Q

What are gene-environment interactions?

A

How particular genes or patterns of genes are associated with particular behavioral or personality outcomes

85
Q

Nurture assumption

A

Nurture assumption stressed non-– shared environments and lessons and stress towards shared environments

86
Q

Equal shared environments assumption

A

Environments for identical twins are not more similar than the environments of fraternal twins

87
Q

Epigenetic

A

Environmental factors act upon genes by causing methyl groups to attach and turn genes off

88
Q

Methylation

A

Epigenetic modification that can inhibit gene expression (turn off a gene)

89
Q

Sociometer theory of self-esteem

A

Social rejection can decrease survival. We feel the need to belong bc there are more chances to live in the group

90
Q

Major criticisms of evolutionary theory?

A

Difficult to test empirically legitimizes problematic behaviors conservative perspective largely
ignores social/cultural context

91
Q

Short life history

A

Has earlier and speedier of reproduction more adaptive in dangerous environments, would offspring develop quickly

92
Q

Long life history

A

House later, slower reproduction more adaptive in safer environments, when offspring are very dependent

93
Q

Frequency – dependent selection

A

Evolution may maintain some maladaptive traits maladaptive traits may be adaptive only win at lower rates in the population

94
Q

Balancing selection

A

Even adaptive, pro social traits have costs. Adaptive traits may vary within environments

95
Q

Restricted versus unrestricted Sociosexuality

A

Unrestricted: interested in the physical attractiveness and social visibility of potential partners restricted: interested in partners personal qualities and their potential to be good parents

96
Q

Sexual over perception bias

A

Men think women are into them more than they actually are

Personality Psychology (2 decks)

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