Exam 2 Study Flashcards
Components of emotion
Appraisal Physical response Motives/action tendencies Non-verbal behaviors/expression Subjective experience
(Not in any particular order)
Appraisal
Differentiates among emotions
Can be conscious or non-conscious
Ex. Is this congruent with my goals?
(Components of emotion)
Physical response
Differentiates emotions (somewhat) E.g. changes in heart rate, sweating
(Components of emotion)
Motives/action tendencies
Specific behaviors (actual or desired) for different emotions
(Components of emotion)
Non-verbal behaviors/expressions
Most emotions involve some form of physical expression (posture, facial expressions)
(Components of emotion)
Lexical Approach
Finding/studying basic emotions
Love, joy, (surprise), anger, sadness, fear
Chinese sample had shame emerge
US and China experience/definition of love differently
Universal Facial Expressions Approach
Finding/studying basic emotions
Darwin: expressions are evolved, adaptive
Signal our emotional state to others
Facilitate social interaction, group life, attachment, protection from predators
Dimensional Approach
Different emotions are combinations of different appraisal dimensions • valence (pos vs. neg) • arousal (high vs. low) Focus on experience of emotion Labels are arbitrary
Basic emotions
Innate expression and recognition in babies
Same for people who are born blind
Other species also have these basic expressions
Happiness, sadness, anger, fear, love
Circumplex model of emotion
“The model assumes that all emotions very along two dimensions, from aroused to unaroused, and from negative to positive.”
Circle that can turn but still be the same
Emotional intelligence
Includes accurately perceiving emotions in oneself and others, and controlling and regulating one’s own emotion
Sources of happiness
- An individual set point, so it is moderately stable over time
- Objective life circumstances
- Outlook on life and the behaviors that come from it
Reappraisal
Framing emotional situation differently
Can change emotional experience, physiology
But not always possible!
Suppression
Inhibiting display and/or experience of emotion
Can be problematic for health, well-being
Not very effective
Procedural knowledge
Like riding a bike or singing, emotion cannot be learned or fully expressed through words, but only through action and experience.
The “me” self
Self as object
View of yourself
Fully conscious
The “I” self
Your “soul” or the voice inside your head
Unconscious, implicit thoughts, feelings and information processing
Declarative self
Conscious knowledge; beliefs about the self
Procedural self
Habitual patterns of behavior; unconscious self-knowledge
The four primary purposes to self-knowledge
Self-regulation
Information processing filter
Understanding others
Identity
Self-regulation
Influences behavior
Thinking about the future helps us focus on long-term goals
Information processing filter
We process/remember self-relevant information differently (better)
Understanding others
Our own experiences guide our perceptions of others
Emotional intelligence
Identity
Helps us understand our connection to broader groups
Emphasizes meaningful affiliations/relationships
Self-esteem
Overall opinion about whether you are good or bad, worthy or unworthy, or somewhere in between
Self-schema
Cognitive structure in which the declarative self resides, including all of ones ideas about the self organized into a coherent system
How can you improve self awareness?
Realistic Accuracy Model
Asking what questions instead of why questions
How does the realistic accuracy model apply to self-judgments?
Target, relevance, availability, detection, utilization, judge
Self-esteem vs. narcissism
S-e • stable • realistic, authentic • grounded in achievement • predicts positive outcomes Narcissism • high but unstable self esteem • unrealistic, defensive • not grounded in actual accomplishments • predicts negative outcomes
Positive illusions
Viewing oneself as above average compared to others
Believing you are more likely to obtain positive outcomes than others
Hard to assess accuracy
Linked with greater well-being
Self-enhancement
Viewing oneself more positively than others view you More objective criteria Short term benefits, long term costs Linked with poor evaluation by others Linked switch narcissism
Is self-recognition uniquely human? How is it measured?
Rogue test
- place mark on child’s face to see if they touch it— self recognition
Chimps have similar results
Dogs can self recognize by scent
Downward social comparison
(How we maintain self esteem)
Maintains or increases self-esteem via favorable comparison
Upward social comparison
(How do we maintain self esteem)
Could increase self-esteem via motivation to improve
Self-handicapping
(How we maintain self esteem)
Deliberately do activities that increase chance of failure
Provides excuse for failure
Defensive pessimism
Expect failure, prepare for the worst
Set low expectations
can be motivating for some people
Self-discrepancy theory
You have not one but two kinds of desired selves (ideal self and ought self), and the difference between them and your actual self determines how you feel
Ideal self
Your view of what you could be at your best
Ought self
Your view of what you should—as opposed to what you would like to—be
Conscious self schema
Contains our ideas about our characteristics and capabilities
Self-efficacy
Our opinions about our capabilities which set the limits of what we will attempt
Reference groups
The group that we compare ourselves to to understand ourselves
Self-schema
All of ones ideas about the self, organized into a coherent system
Heritability
Percentage of variability wallabies by genetic factors
Estimates apply to groups, not individuals
Estimates are strongly determined by particular group being studied
Calculating a heritability coefficient
h = 2(r[mz]-r[dz])
Natural selection in terms of personality
Competition for limited resources
Random genetic variation
Adaptation to environment
Most adaptive genes most likely passed on
Adaptive traits
• increase organisms likelihood of survival and reproduction
• more likely to be passed to future generations
Sociometer theory (Leary)
Feelings of self-esteem evolved to monitor the degree to which a person is accepted by others
Criticisms of evolutionary theory
- Difficult to test empirically
- Legitimize problematic behaviors
- Conservative perspective
- Largely ignores social/cultural context
Behavioral genetics
Addresses how traits are passed from parent to child and shared by biological relatives.
Controversy:
• eugenics (humanity’s improvement through selective breeding)
• cloning
• the public might think that nurture things may come from nature entirely
Heritability research
Twin studies
• simple, elegant, easy calculations
• does not account for rest of population, figures are averages
Calculate similarities in relatives other than twins
• gets at broader heritability
• May be too low
Psychic determinism
The idea that everything that happens has a cause that can be identified
(In principle, not always practice)
Uncovering unconscious
Hypnosis (not as much anymore)
Parapraxes (unintentional expressions of the unconscious)
Free association (allowing the mind to wander without censors)
Dream analysis
Critiques of psychoanalytic Approach
- Unnecessarily complex
- Excessive reliance on case studies
- Definitions and terms are often vague
- Sexist (misogynistic ideas)
- Ideas difficult to test
Neo-Freudian adaptations
- Less emphasis on sex/agression
- More emphasis on conscious processes
- More emphasis on interpersonal relationships
- More positive portrayal of women
- More emphasis on experimental methods
Secure attachment
Sensitive, responsive caregiving
Comfortable with physical contact
Explores environment when parent is nearby
Easily soothed at reunion
Avoidant attachment
Parental rejections Discomfort with closeness, emotionally distant Little exploratory activity Cries little during separation Avoid parents at reunion
Anxious-ambivalent attachment
Inconsistent responsiveness Parental insensitivity and uncertain Preoccupied with caregiver Very distressed at separation Not soothed during reunion, often angry
Disorganized attachment
No clear strategy for coping with separation
Odd, unusual behaviors
Linked to frightening parental behavior
John Bowlby (attachment theory) (1907-1990)
Psychoanalyst dissatisfied with prior explanations for attachment
- what about physical contact or nurturing?
Observed destructive effects of maternal separation, orphaned children
Mary Ainsworth (attachment theory) (1913-1999)
Individual differences in attachment quality
Home observations in US and Ghana
The Strange Situation
- laboratory assessment of infant-caregiver attachment dynamics
- roughly 12-18 month olds
-brief séparations and reunions
Came up with attachment styles
Attachment in adulthood
Secure: more stable relationships, better parenting skills
Avoidance: less satisfied in relationships, more likely to have casual sex
Anxious-ambivalent: more “drama” in relationships, tendency toward mental health problems
Id
At unconscious, motivation gratification
Super-ego
Conscious and preconscious
Morals
Ego
Preconscious
Allows you to act without violating morals
Transference
The tendency to bring ways of thinking, feeling and behaving that developed toward one important person into a later relationship with a different person
Psychic conflict
Conflict of the mind between the distinct and individual parts
(Psychoanalysis)
Fixation
Erik Erikson
Unresolved stages of development will result in the continuous struggle of that stage
Regression
Erik Erikson
When an adult is fixated on a stage of development, they tend to go back to it under stressful situations
Doctrine of opposites
States that everything implies, even requires, it’s opposite: life requires death, happiness requires sadness. One cannot exist without the other
Libido
The fixed and finite energy the mind has in order to function
Manifest content
Dream analysis
What the dream is actually about
Latent content
Dream analysis
What the dream could mean for the unconscious
Object relations theory
Objects: partially accurate mental images
Modern school of psychoanalysis that deals with their implications and origins
Psychosocial Development
Revision to Freuds psychosexual theory Goes into late adulthood 1. Trust vs. mistrust 2. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt 3. Initiative vs. guilt 4. Industry vs. inferiority 5. Identity vs. identity confusion 6. Intimacy vs. isolation 7. Generativity vs. stagnation 8. Integrity vs. despair
Denial
Refusing to believe the bad news or other knowledge that might make one anxious
Repression
Might involve failing to acknowledge that might remind a person of an unwanted thought
Could mean actually forgetting it
Réaction formation
Defends ones peace of mind by creating the opposite idea
Projection
Developing the idea that something one fears is true about themselves is actually true about other people
Rationalization
Comes up with a rational explanation for doing what one wants without acknowledging real motivations
Intellectualization
Translates anxiety-producing thoughts into theories that put emotion at a distance
Displacement
Moving the object of ones emotions from a dangerous target to a safe one
Sublimation
Provides a safe outlet for otherwise problematical desires
Shared and non-shared environment influences
Shared: home life, parents, socioeconomic
Non-shared: friends, parents treatment, personality type
What are gene-environment interactions?
How particular genes or patterns of genes are associated with particular behavioral or personality outcomes
Nurture assumption
Nurture assumption stressed non-– shared environments and lessons and stress towards shared environments
Equal shared environments assumption
Environments for identical twins are not more similar than the environments of fraternal twins
Epigenetic
Environmental factors act upon genes by causing methyl groups to attach and turn genes off
Methylation
Epigenetic modification that can inhibit gene expression (turn off a gene)
Sociometer theory of self-esteem
Social rejection can decrease survival. We feel the need to belong bc there are more chances to live in the group
Major criticisms of evolutionary theory?
Difficult to test empirically legitimizes problematic behaviors conservative perspective largely
ignores social/cultural context
Short life history
Has earlier and speedier of reproduction more adaptive in dangerous environments, would offspring develop quickly
Long life history
House later, slower reproduction more adaptive in safer environments, when offspring are very dependent
Frequency – dependent selection
Evolution may maintain some maladaptive traits maladaptive traits may be adaptive only win at lower rates in the population
Balancing selection
Even adaptive, pro social traits have costs. Adaptive traits may vary within environments
Restricted versus unrestricted Sociosexuality
Unrestricted: interested in the physical attractiveness and social visibility of potential partners restricted: interested in partners personal qualities and their potential to be good parents
Sexual over perception bias
Men think women are into them more than they actually are
