Exam 2 study Flashcards
What is the Endocrine System?
Collection of glands that secrete hormones.
Pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, Adrenals
Posterior Pituitary Hormone
ADH and Oxytocin
Anterior Pituitary Hormone
ACTH, TSH, GH, PRL, FSH, LH, MSH
What is a negative feedback loop?
Causes a system to change in the opposite direction from which it is moving.
Hypopituitarism
Deficiency of pituitary gland hormones
Hyperpituitarism
Excess secretion of pituitary gland hormones
Causes: Acromegaly when > GH occurs after puberty
Acromegaly
abnormal enlargement of the extremities that is caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone after puberty
Acromegaly Symptoms
Coarse facial features
Enlargement of small bones
Protruding Jaw
Slanting Forehead
Cushing’s disease
Elevated cortisol
Moon face, buffalo hump, hyperglycemia, easy bruising, hypertension
Hyperthyroidism
Overactive thyroid gland, Low TSH, high T3 & T4
Hyperthyroidism Symptoms
heat intolerance, fine, straight hair, bulging eyes, tachycardia, weight loss, muscle wasting, facial flushing, tremors, diarrhea, menstrual changes
Graves Disease
An autoimmune disorder that is caused by hyperthyroidism and is characterized by goiter and/or exophthalmos
Dietary recommendations for hyperthyroidism
- no iodized salt
-unsalted foods
-Fresh fruits
-no caffeine
What is Hypothyroidism?
Underactive thyroid gland
high TSH, Low T3 & T4
Hypothyroidism symptoms
Intolerance to cold, receding hairline, facial and eyelid edema, thick tongue, slow speech, anorexia, dry skin, hair loss, apathy, fatigue, muscle aches/ weakness
Myxedema coma S/S
Hypothermia, <HR, <RR, decreased pulse pressure, periorbital swelling
Thyroiditis
Inflammation of the thyroid gland; may lead to chronic hypothyroidism or may resolve spontaneously
Thyroid Cancer
Malignant tumor of the thyroid gland adenoma
Thyroid Storm
A relatively rare, life-threatening condition caused by exaggerated hyperthyroidism
Thyroid Storm S/S
Tachycardia, arrhythmias, heart failure, hypotension, hyperpyrexia, delirium, psychosis, stupor, coma, hepatic failure
Hyperparathyroidism
Excess secretion of parathyroid hormone, Hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia, OSTEOPOROSIS
Hypoparathyroidism
deficient production of parathyroid hormone, hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, CHVOSTEK’S and TRUESSUES
Radioactive iodine therapy
-Contraindicated in pts who are pregnant, monitory for hypothyroidism (edema, intolerance to cold, bradycardic, weight gain), effects of therapy might not be evident for 6-8 wks, continue to take meds as directed, precautions for radiation exposure to others
Hypophysectomy
Surgical removal of pituitary gland. POST-OP: Monitor dressing for CSF. Use stool softeners and antitussives to prevent straining
Thyroidectomy
Surgical removal of the thyroid gland to treat persistent hyperthyroidism of thyroid tumors.
Parathyroidectomy
The surgical removal of one or more of the parathyroid glands
Pathophysiology of DM
Abnormalities in the body’s handling of glucose in diabetes
Risk factors for DM
overweight, family history, ethnicity, HTN, gestational diabetes, age, viruses, lifestyle, disease of pancreas
Type 1 Diabetes
Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells (low insulin production)
Type 2 Diabetes
Insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion
Metabolic syndrome
A syndrome marked by the presence of usually three or more of a group of factors that are linked to increase risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes
Metabolic syndrome factors
High blood pressure, abdominal obesity, high triglyceride levels, low HDL levels, and high fasting levels of blood sugar
Diabetic Foot care
- Nailcare: Podiatrist, cut nail straight across,
-Wear clean cotton socks/closed shoes - do not soak feet or wear ointments
Lab Values for diabetes
A1C:
Normal- 5.7 and below
Pre- 5.7-6.4
Diabetic- >6.4
FPG:
normal: <100
Pre: 100-126
Diabetic: >126
OGTT:
normal: <140
Pre: 140-200
Diabetic >200
Insulin administration
injection areas: abdomen, thigh, and hips
Rotate injection sites and 1.5 inches apart
don’t rub site
45-90 degree angle and leave for 5 seconds
Blood glucose monitoring
The ongoing measurement of blood sugar (glucose). Monitoring can be done at any time using a portable device called a glucometer
Oral diabetic medications
Metformin, Glipizide, Repaglinide, Acarbose
Complications of diabetes
Blindness, Kidney Failure, poor wound healing, amputations of the extremities
Hypoglycemia
Abnormally low level of sugar in the blood
Hyperglycemia
High blood sugar levels
DKA
Acetone and keytones increase
Once treated expect potassium to drop have K+ ready
HHS
HHS is a hyperglycemic crisis that most often occurs in type 2 and is due to some type of severe stress.
HHS Symptoms
BG> 600 mg/dL, high serum osmolality > 320 mOsm/L, extreme dehydration, altered consciousness, pH > 7.3, elevated bicarbonate > 18 mEg/ L, risk of seizure
Dietary and exercise information
Lower sugars and fat consumed, low impact exercise (15-30 min/ day)
