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Biochem lecture > Exam 2-Stiner > Flashcards

Exam 2-Stiner Flashcards

1
Q

Amylase

A

Digests starches

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2
Q

Lipase

A

Digests lipids

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3
Q

Main classes of macromolecules in food

A

Carbohydrates, proteins and lipids

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4
Q

Bulk of nutrients absorbed here

A

Ileum

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5
Q

Absorption of water and electrolytes, and recirculation of bile acids to liver takes place here

A

Large intestine

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6
Q

Approximate amount of fluid passing through GI tract every day

A

7 liters

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7
Q

Sequence of events in digestion

A
  • Lubrication/homogenization with fluids
  • Secretion of enzymes
  • Secretion of electrolytes, hydrogen ions, & bicarbonate
  • Secretion of bile acids
  • Hydrolysis
  • Transport into enterocytes then to blood & lymph
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8
Q

Enterocytes

A

cells of intestine that absorb nutrients

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9
Q

Chyme

A

Liquid substance in stomach that passes into duodenum

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10
Q

This is important for digestive process and preservation of tissues of the stomach and intestine

A

H+

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11
Q

Acidic or alkaline?

  1. Saliva
  2. Stomach lumen
  3. Luminal mucus
  4. Pancreatic secretions
A
  1. Alkaline
  2. Strongly acidic
  3. Alkaline
  4. Alkaline
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12
Q

Prolonged vomiting causes direct loss of

A

H20, H+, K+, and chloride ions

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13
Q

Zymogens

A

Inactive enzyme precursors (most digestive enzymes in GI tract are secreted as zymogens)

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14
Q

How zymogens are activated

A
  • Changes in pH

- Enteropeptidases

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15
Q

Salivary glands function/absorption

A

Production of fluid & digestive enzymes for homogenization, lubrication and digestion of

  • Carbohydrates (amylase)
  • Lipids (lingual lipase)
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16
Q

Stomach absorption

A

-Proteins (HCl & proteases)

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17
Q

Pancreas absorption

A
  • Protein (Bicarbonate & proteases)
  • Lipids (Lipases)
  • Starch (Amylase)
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18
Q

Liver & Gall bladder function

A

Secretion & storage of bile acids for release into small intestine

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19
Q

Small intestine function

A

Final intraluminal digestion of food, digestion of carbohydrate dimers and specific absorptive pathways for digested material

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20
Q

Large intestine function

A

Absorption of fluid and electrolytes and products of bacterial action in the colon

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21
Q

Hydrolases

A

All digestive enzymes are hydrolases because they hydrolyze their substrates

22
Q

90% of the fat in diet

A

Triacylglycerol (TAG)

23
Q

Initial change in physical nature of lipids occurs here

A

Stomach

24
Q

Bile salts

A

Active in duodenum

Essential for solubilizing lipids during digestion

25
Q

Fate of medium & short chain (<10) fatty acids

A

Pass directly through the epithelial cells into hepatic portal blood supply

26
Q

Fate of 12+C fatty acids

A

Bind to fatty acid binding protein & transferred to RER of enterocyte for resynthesis into TAGs

27
Q

Process of obtaining glycerol from TAG

A

TAG -> 1,2-DAG -> 2-MAG -> 1-MAG -> Glycerol

28
Q

Chylomicrons

A

Large particles that transport exogenous lipids from gut (assembled within enterocytes on RER then released into intercellular space via exocytosis and leave intestine via lymphatic system)

29
Q

Fatty acid activation is accomplished by

A

The production of acyl-CoA derivatives by acyl-CoA synthase

30
Q

How efficient is digestion & absorption of protein?

A

Extremely efficient.

Only 1-2g nitrogen (6-12g protein) excreted daily from 100-300g protein taken in

31
Q

Peptidases

A

Hydrolyze proteins

32
Q

Enzymes involved in breakdown of proteins in stomach

A

Trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, carboxypeptidase, pepsinogen

33
Q

___ dependent ______ is used to transport AA into enterocytes

A

Na+
Symporter
(Active transport [REQUIRES ENERGY])

34
Q

___ dependent ______ is used to transport dipeptides and tripeptides into enteroctyes

A

H+

Symporter

35
Q

Stomach - zymogens & endproducts

A

pepsinogen A & B

Peptides

36
Q

Pancreas- zymogens & endproducts

A

Trypsinogen, Chymotrypsinogen, Proelastase
Dipeptides, polypeptides

Procarboxy-peptidases
Small peptides, amino acids

37
Q

Small intestine- zymogens & endproducts

A

Aminopeptidase
Small peptides, amino acids

Dipeptidases, endopeptidases
Small peptides, dipeptides

38
Q

Celiac disease

A

Autoimmune disease in intestinal mucosa

Trouble digesting gluten

39
Q

Celiac disease indicators

A
  • Demarcated opacities
  • Undersized teeth
  • Yellowing
  • Grooves and/or pitting on one or more permanent teeth
40
Q

Insulin

A

Secreted by beta-cells in pancreas
Active during meals
Dec. blood glucose
Promotes anabolism of glycogen

41
Q

Glucagon

A 
Secreted by alpha-cells in pancreas
Mobilizes glucose
Increase blood glu
Stimulates catabolism of glycogen
Suppresses anabolism of glycogen
42
Q

Epinephrine

A

Secreted by adrenal glands in adrenal medulla
Inhibits glycolysis and lipogenesis
Stimulates gluconeogenesis

43
Q

GLUT-2

A

Insulin transporter between liver & blood

44
Q

GLUT-4

A

Insulin transporter into adipose & muscle

45
Q

Fed (absorptive state)

A

High insulin

Low glucagon

46
Q

Fasting (postabsorptive) state [6-12 hours after food]

A 
Low insulin
High glucagon
Dec. glycolysis
Inc. glycogenolysis
Inc. gluconeogenesis
Liver switches from glucose usage to glucose production
47
Q

Prolonged fasting (starvation) [12+ hours]

A

Chronic low insulin
Chronic high glucagon
Glu contribution from gluconeogenesis increases
Free fatty acids are major energy substrate
OAA decreases in mito to fuel gluconeo in kidney and liver
Acetyl CoA accumulates
Ketone bodies are now primary energy source for brain

Muscle helps by releasing lactate which goes to liver to be converted to pyruvate for gluconeogenesis

48
Q

Cori cycle

A

Lactate in muscle -> converted to glucose in liver -> converted back to lactate in muscle

49
Q

Diabetes

A

Disorder of fuel metabolism

Characterized by hyperglycemia & vascular problems

50
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

Characterized by destruction of beta-cells
Inherited disease
Dependent on insulin
Prone to ketoacidosis (inc. ketone bodes)

51
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

Involves insulin resistance & impaired insulin secretion.

Strong hereditary link

52
Q

Symptoms of diabetes

A
  • Red, sore, swollen gums
  • Gum recession
  • Loose or sensitive teeth
  • Different bite
  • Dentures may not fit well

Biochem lecture (2 decks)

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