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Biochemistry II > Exam 2 Signaling Cascades > Flashcards

Exam 2 Signaling Cascades Flashcards

1
Q

what is the second messenger of epinephrine B2 adrenergic receptor signaling cascade and glucagon glucagon receptor signaling cascade?

A

cAMP

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2
Q

what generates cAMP?

A

adenylyl cyclase

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3
Q

what are the subunits of G proteins?

A

alpha, beta, gamma

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4
Q

what kind of alpha subunit do Gs family proteins have?

A

stimulatory

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5
Q

Gs family protein result

A

increase cAMP production

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6
Q

why does the Gs family protein increase cAMP production?

A

it stimulates adenylyl cyclase which then generates cAMP

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7
Q

what G-protein family pathway do epinephrine and glucagon work through?

A

Gs

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8
Q

what kind of alpha subunits do Gi family proteins have?

A

inhibitory

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9
Q

Gi family protein result

A

decrease cAMP production

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10
Q

why does the Gi family protein decrease cAMP production?

A

it inhibits adenylyl cyclase or it activates phosphodiesterase

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11
Q

what does the Gq family protein do?

A

activates phospholipase C

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12
Q

what does the G12/13 family protein do?

A

activates Rho GTPase which is involved in cytoskeletal dynamics, organelle generation, etc.

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13
Q

what catalyzes ATP to cyclic AMP?

A

adenylyl cyclase

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14
Q

what catalyzes cyclic AMP to AMP?

A

phosphodiesterase

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15
Q

what catalyzes phosphotidylinositol-4,5-biphosphate (PIP2) to diacylglycerol and inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3)

A

phospholipase C

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16
Q

what catalyzes phosphotidylinositol-4,5-biphosphate (PIP2) to phosphotidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate (PIP3)

A

phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)

17
Q

what is the ratio of Protein Kinase A catalytic and regulatory subunits?

A

2 catalytic subunits : 2 regulatory subunits

18
Q

what do the Protein Kinase A regulatory subunits have?

A

two cAMP binding sites (4 cAMP bind to the 2 regulatory subunits)

19
Q

what occurs when two cAMP bind to the 2 regulatory subunits of Protein Kinase A?

A

the catalytic subunits are freed so they can phosphorylate targets

20
Q

what are the secondary messengers of the epinephrine alpha 1 adrenergic receptor signaling cascade?

A

diacylglycerol and inositol triphosphate (IP3)

21
Q

diacylglycerol in the epinephrine signal cascade

A

second messenger that activates Protein Kinase C

22
Q

inositol triphosphate (IP3) in epinephrine signal cascade

A

polar, doesn’t associated with membrane
activates Ca2+/CAM

23
Q

what are the primary kinases of the epinephrine signaling cascade?

A

Protein Kinase C and Ca2+/Calmodulin Protein Kinase (Ca2+/CAM)

24
Q

what G-protein-coupled receptor G-protein family does epinephrine to phospholipase Cbeta use?

A

Gq

25
Q

what does epinephrine activate?

A

phospholipase Cbeta

26
Q

what occurs after epinephrine activates phospholipase Cbeta and 2nd messengers are generated?

A

we activate kinases; goal is to metabolic targets

27
Q

what is the insulin receptor an example of?

A

a receptor tyrosine kinase

28
Q

what are the two major pathways in insulin receptor signaling (IRS-1)?

A

Ras (GDP/GTP Exchange) MAP Kinase Cascade
and PI3K

29
Q

what occurs when insulin receptor signaling activates PI3K?

A

PI3K generates PIP3 and the effects are mediated my Protein Kinase B

30
Q

what kinase does PI3K activate?

A

protein kinase B

31
Q

what are the primary metabolic targets of Protein Kinase B?

A
  • cardiomyocytes PFK2/FBPase-2
  • glycogen synthase kinase (hepatocytes and skeletal myocytes)
  • PPP-1 regulatory subunit
  • phosphodiesterase 3beta isozyme (degrades cAMP)
  • FOXO-1
32
Q

what occurs when the insulin receptor signaling activates the Ras/MAPK Cascade?

A

MAPK, MAP2K, MAP3K
mostly related to gene expression

Biochemistry II (4 decks)

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