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Holocaust > Exam 2 Short Answers > Flashcards

Exam 2 Short Answers Flashcards

1
Q

Tripartite Pact

A
  1. Originally included Germany, Italy, and Japan
  2. Overtime expanded to include Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and Yugoslavia
  3. Axis powers
  4. mutual assistance if any are attacked by nation not already involved in the war
  5. Meant to deter U.S. from entering conflict
  6. 27 Sept. 1940
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2
Q

U.S. Immigration Laws

A
  1. the Immigration Act of 1921
  2. the Immigration Act of 1924
  3. both extremely limited the amount of Jews able to immigrate to the U.S.
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3
Q

The Immigration Act of 1921

A
  1. no more than 3% of total number of immigrants from a specific country already living in U.S. in 1910 could migrate to America
  2. Emergency Quota Act signed the same day law passed
  3. restricted number of immigrants to 357,000 per year
  4. Many Americans feared that some immigrants wouldn’t fully assimilate
  5. believed increased numbers of immigrants would depress wages for Americans
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4
Q

The Immigration Act of 1924

A

quota allowed immigration of two percent of total number of people of each nationality in U.S. as of the 1890 national census

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5
Q

Antisemitism in the U.S.

A
  1. by the mid 1920s, the KKK claimed to have more members than there were Jews in the U.S.
  2. Henry Ford blamed Jewish Americans for nation’s ills in his newspaper (The Dearborn Independent)
  3. Many Americans believed the stereotypes that Jews were greedy and dishonest
  4. German American Bund formed in 1936 had tens of thousands of members
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6
Q

Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact

A
  1. signed 23 August 1939
  2. meant to be kept a secret until the invasion of Poland
  3. both agreed not to attack each other for 10 yrs
  4. Germany would take back Danzig (taken by Treaty of Ver.) and forcibly remove Jews and Poles
  5. Soviets would take eastern 40% Poland (territory lost after WWI)
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7
Q

Judenrate

A
  1. council of Jews to control Jews
  2. 12-24 members, depending on size of community
  3. wealthier, prominent, well known/well liked, male, older (less resistance), knowledgeable (rabbis)
  4. there weren’t enough Nazis to keep Jews in line
  5. Tasks: census, housing, food, jobs
  6. faced impossible moral dilemmas
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8
Q

Judgement Day

A
  1. 4 Sept 1942
  2. Chaim Rumkowski gives speech that Germans asked for 24,000 sacrifces, but he talked them down to 20,000
  3. “sacrificed” kids under 10 and elders (excluding himself)
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9
Q

Beginnings of T-4 Program

A
  1. Knauer writes letter to Hitler asking for help with his mentally and physically handicap son
  2. Hitler tasks Karl Brandt to find a way to convince public that society would be better without them
  3. Reich Committee for the Scientific Registration of Serious Hereditarily and Congenitally-Based Illness
  4. needed to ‘get rid of burden”
  5. started with kids -starved or injected with morpheme
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10
Q

T-4 Program expansions

A
  1. 3 doctors would view folder to determine if qualified
  2. “patients” would fold clothes nicely and tie shoelaces, those with gold fillings received mark on back -were ordered to shower - suffocated with CO2
  3. Doctors had to fill out death certificates, “tuberculosis” -burned bodies to cover tracks
  4. doctors used pseudo names
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11
Q

Opposition to the T-4 Program

A
  1. Bishop von Galen accuses Hitler of murdering people
  2. hospitals were under investigation, police reports filed
  3. Hitler “investigates,” program goes underground
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12
Q

Results of the T-4 Program

A
  1. expansion into Poland
  2. 200,000 murdered
    - Richard Jenne murdered after war at 4 yrs old
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13
Q

Amidah

A
  1. taking a stand

2. ways jews engaged in resistance: political, religious/spiritual, economic, cultural, military

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14
Q

Military Amidah

A
  1. ghetto uprising
  2. rebellion in death camps
  3. partisan
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15
Q

Economic Amidah

A
  1. use money and valuables
  2. smuggle
  3. black market - access to food, shopping restrictions, housing
  4. information sharing -who to trust (smugglers, hiding)
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16
Q

Individual/societal Amidah

A
  1. hiding
  2. attempting to escape
  3. bunkers/attics
  4. passing off as different ethnicity
  5. polish ppl assisting Jews for money
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17
Q

Cultural/religious Amidah

A
  1. minyan, prayer
  2. education
  3. music
  4. lecture
  5. sports
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18
Q

Political Amidah

A
  1. use Nazi ideas

2. U.S. Jews lobby against Nazis

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19
Q

Oyneg Shabes

A
  1. Emmanuel Ringelbaum documents life in ghetto
  2. Warsaw Ghetto
  3. archive of Jewish view, docs translated to as many languages possible
  4. time capsule
  5. oral histories, documents (living conditions, ID docs, birth certificates), memoirs, diaries, letters, money, photographs
  6. resistance
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20
Q

Operation Barbarossa

A
  1. 22 June - 5 Dec. 1941
  2. planning began on 18 Dec. 1940
  3. Why attack
  4. Three-pronged
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21
Q

Operation Barbarossa - why attack

A
  1. Land
  2. GB won’t surrender
  3. iron, oil, food, money
  4. people - labor, farming, factories
  5. military/tech
  6. Russians were subhuman
  7. Russians were communists
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22
Q

Operation Barbarossa - three-pronged attack

A
  1. Leningrad (north)
  2. Moscow (center) - never overpowered
  3. Stalingrad (south) - four mil. German troops sent east, 1800 mile front
  4. Blitzkrieg fails, lack of airstrips/airforce, scorched earth (no food, no water, no villages), no railroad access
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23
Q

Hunger Plan: War and Mass Murder Intertwined

A
  1. German troops lived off the land in USSR and captured 3 million Soviet POW’s, which slowed them down
  2. Because of the Geneva convention, less than 1 percent of Western POWs were killed by German hands
  3. Superfluous population (extra, not needed), estimated 20-30 million
  4. Germans received 2,613 calories, Poles received 699 calories, Jews received 184 calories
  5. Didn’t want to put time/ammo into killing so they decided to starve while forcing labor
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24
Q

Hunger Plan: Results

A
  1. never fully implemented due to lack of German manpower and sabotage by civilians
  2. 4.2 million Soviets starved to death (1941-1944)
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25
Q

Commissar Decree

A
  1. 6 June 1941, issued by Himmler
  2. tells Keitel of Wehrmacht that killing civilians is not punishable because slaves and communists
  3. Reality: 5.5 million Jews in nearly conquered land (Nazis believe death camps are necessary now)
  4. movement toward stage three of final solution
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26
Q

Theresienstadt

A
  1. established in Czechoslavakia (highest survival rate)
  2. Became a “model” ghetto
  3. those who looked malnourished or ill were sent to death camps (5,000-6,000 deported)
  4. Red Cross visited (created fake camp for publicity)
27
Q

Rosenstrasse Protests

A
  1. “full Jews” had already been deported prior to
  2. non-privileged mixed marriages - 2,000 rounded up
  3. believed Jewish men married to aryan women were non-privileged
  4. ghetto created for families of non-privileged mixed marriages
  5. 3,000+ protested outside of Gestapo headquarters (women, elderly, children, largest was about 6,000)
28
Q

Impact of Rosenstrasse Protest deportations

A
  1. husbands were sent back home
  2. 25 were sent to Auschwitz, sent back two days after arrival
  3. Most of the 2,000 men survived the war
  4. Replaced 2,000 Jews with 2,000 other Jews
29
Q

Einsatzgruppen

A
  1. mobile shooting squad - 4 groups (A, B, C, D)
  2. question of attachment to the Wehrmacht (involved in murder of communists and Jews)
  3. Issue of Responsibility: Himmler and Hitler claimed full responsibility
  4. dangerous for people in their positions to voice oppositions
  5. 3,000 served in Einsatzgruppen
30
Q

Who served Einsatzgruppen

A
  1. sporting groups, military/police training, Waffen SS
    (able to accurately shoot, ideologically committed)
  2. nine of the 17 leaders of EG A held doctoral degrees
31
Q

Process of Einsatzgruppen

A
  1. targeted urban areas because 90 percent of Jews lived in cities and were in a sense already concentrated
  2. Babi Yar (Ukraine) - ravine on outside of town used as grave
  3. local collaborators aide and take positions (round up, item confiscation, transport)
  4. 1/3 died of suffocation
  5. Ukrainian girls were foced to walk across bodies until there was more room for more bodies
  6. Himmler admits to deening to find more humane way to kill the Jews after watching EG
32
Q

Results of Einsatzgruppen and murder

A
  1. 1.2 million Jews killed from June 1941-1944

2. 3,000 doing the killing

33
Q

Zyklon B

A
  1. alternative to Einsatzgruppen
  2. pestiside
  3. 1/3,000 ounce can kill 1 adult
  4. 1 kg can be used to kill 106,000 ppl
  5. cheaper
  6. started with T-4 program after carbon monoxide became too expensive
34
Q

Wansee Conference

A
  1. 20 Jan 1942
  2. Meeting chair was Reinhard Heydrich of SD, Adolf Eichmann served logistics
  3. discussed using shooting, gas vans, and stationary gas chambers to target 11 mil. people for elimination
  4. connected to 1000 year reich
35
Q

Wansee Conference: Connections with Plan - 1000 Year Reich

A
  1. Economic: Autarky (removal of Jews means more opportunity for Aryans)
  2. Political - centralized control (SS)
  3. Racial
  4. Germanization
36
Q

Operation Reinhard: Background

A
  1. Reinhard Heydrich

2. Germans kill entire adult population of Lidich (Czec) and put kids through Lebenstraum

37
Q

Operation Reinhard: Role of Odilo Globocnik - Four Goals

A
  1. immovable assets (taken from jews, movable assets, labor, death
  2. 90 men from T-4 program served at these camps
  3. Odilo Globocnik was put in charge of operation reinhard
38
Q

Operation Reinhard: Belzec

A
  1. RR line between Lublin and Lvov
  2. murder 600,000 people, only 2 known survivors
  3. 21 Germans served here (in total) - local Ukranians willingly assisted
  4. vast majority of work (mass murder) is done by Jews
  5. were directed into a tunnel right after unboarding and into “shower”
  6. first gas chambers in use
39
Q

Operation Reinhard: Treblinka

A
  1. murdered 900,000 Jews
  2. 125 Germans served here
  3. 60 mi NE of Warsaw
  4. 99 percent of Jews were dead within 2 hrs of arriving to camp
  5. Dr. Eber was relieved of duty bc he was not killing efficently enough or in secret - hundreds of dead bodies, smell
40
Q

HiWis

A
  1. Foreign auxiliary units
  2. joined of own free will
  3. link to final solution
  4. more than 5,000 served
  5. more than 50 percent of Jews in Lithuania died at hands of locals
  6. economic benefit was immediate
  7. role of antisemitism
  8. other motivations: stay on German good side, gain possessions of dead
41
Q

Slovakia and Its Jews

A
  1. Slovaks were extrememly nationalist due to being a new country (1939)
  2. Leaders were very religious, antisemitism was widespread, believed jews wouldn’t work, aryanization occurred
  3. Germans requested forced labor from Slovaks - they offered up 20,000 Jews and families
  4. Slovaks paid Nazis 500 RM per Jew taken away - needed Eichmann’s authorization
42
Q

Canada

A
  1. belongings of those on transports were sorted, repackaged, and sent back to Germany
  2. friendly relations between SS and Jewish women was allowed
  3. nobody counted valuable found, interrupted women taking valuables to lock box - stealing was common practice
  4. Franz Wunsch supposedly fell in love with Helena Citronova
43
Q

Sonderkommando

A
  1. groups of Jewish male prisoners picked for their youth and relative good health
  2. job was to dispose of corpses from gas chambers or crematoria
  3. some extracted gold teeth and removed clothes and valuables
  4. viewed negatively by most survivors because they were viewed as collaborators
44
Q

Operation “Spring Wind”

A
  1. July 1942
  2. Mass roundups of foreign Jews in Paris
  3. Round ups began at 4 in the morning
  4. those with children were taken to sports stadiums
  5. 27,000 Jews were targeted, 12,000 were found
45
Q

Italy and the Holocaust: Background

A
  1. before 1938, the government of Mussolini did not persecute Jews
  2. Jews were about 0.1 percent of the overall population and tended to be well assimilated (part of culture, not treated as minority)
46
Q

Italy and the Holocaust: 1938

A
  1. forbade Jews and non Jews to be married or have sexual relations
  2. forbade Jews to teach in public schools
  3. eventual lround up and interning of foreign Jews
47
Q

Italy and the Holocaust: Deportations and Results

A
  1. 40,000 Jews when war began

2. 8,000 Jews deported to Auschwits, 95 percent of the 8,000 died there

48
Q

Italy and the Holocaust: Key Factors to the Italian Story

A
  1. occupation period is less than one year
  2. high level of assimilation
  3. timing of persecutions
  4. assistance to Jews tied to national pride and patriotism
  5. Italians brought forth gold in hopes of delaying deportations
  6. italian police in Rome refused to take part in round ups (SS were made to do it)
  7. as round ups happened, Italians would claim jewish kids as their own
  8. Convent and orphanages would take in young adults and children
  9. Italian soldiers would marry and adopt Jewish women and children to save them
49
Q

Joel Brandt

A
  1. Jewish, politically active, located in Budapest
  2. SS enlisted him to approach the Allies
  3. Eichmann was willing to sell 1 million Hungarian Jews for trucks
  4. pleaded for the lives of his people
  5. Himmler wanted to split allies
  6. British planned to take him as British prisoner
50
Q

Kastner Train

A
  1. Eichmann thought Allies were still considering offer
  2. sent 1,684 passengers to switzerland as a gesture of good will
  3. $1000 for ticket
  4. most were relatives of Kastner, from his town, or rich
  5. called Noah’s ark bc they believed they’d be the last survivors of Hungary
51
Q

Hungarian Deportations

A
  1. Hungary refused to deport Jews up until German occupation
  2. Mass deportations (15 May - 8 July 1944)
  3. more than 140 trains, more than 440,000 Jews sent to Auschwitz
  4. Joel Brandt and Kastner Train
52
Q

Warsaw Ghetto

A
  1. 1,000 fighters
  2. ZOB hides among those gathered for round up, ambush G as they arrive
  3. G temporarily stop transportations until eve of passover
  4. took 4 months and air strikes to put down revolts
53
Q

Bystander Research Studies: Characteristics

A
  1. Block and Drucker interviewed 105 rescuers
  2. Fogelman interviewed 300 rescuers and Jews whom they rescued
  3. belief that humans are basically the same and differences in them are to be respected
  4. see a common bond of humanity; the world is not divided into ‘us’ and ‘them’
  5. possess a clear sense of right and wrong and stand up for one’s beliefs
  6. practice kindness and compassion toward others
  7. be independent and self-sufficient and not simply follow the crowd
54
Q

Bystander Research Studies: Altruistic Personality

A
  1. Samuel and Pearl Oliner
  2. strong and cohesive family bonds
  3. consistently close contacts with Jews
  4. strong sense of responsibility for welfare/improvement of society as a whole
  5. identification with humananity as a whole
55
Q

Le Chambon

A
  1. Huguenots (FR Calv)
  2. farming community
  3. Pastors Trocme and Theis (anti-Nazi, pro helping)
  4. foothill of mountain, plateu of hill, one road in
  5. 3,000 civilians saved 5,000 Jews and more than 1,000 other people
56
Q

Danish Rescue

A
  1. Major factors: trends towards socialist democracy, never stop seeing Jews as Danish
  2. Danish actively resist
  3. Duckwitz told Jews were going to be rounded up- flew to Germany to argue why Himmler shouldn’t deport Jews
  4. calls swedish diplomat who promises refuge to Danish Jews who need it
  5. Calls rabji and tells him the Nazis will raid on Yom Kippor
  6. German harbor worker sends Jewish workers on 2 week holiday
57
Q

War Refugee Board: U.S.

A
  1. allow private organizations to send aid (money) for Jews overseas
  2. 20-30,000 Jews receive aid
  3. part of diplomatic response
58
Q

Partisan Bands

A
  1. other people didn’t like Jews, raided farms
59
Q

Death Marches

A
  1. it became apparent to everyone that Germany was going to lose the war
  2. from Nov 4 to April 45, Jews were forced on death marches
  3. labor, eliminate witnesses, keep killing
60
Q

Displaced Persons

A
  1. UNRRA, focused on sending displaced persons home
  2. IRO focused on resettlement (not homeland)
  3. provie for material and non material needs (food, water, counseling, schooling)
  4. Jews wanted to immigrate to Palestine
61
Q

War Crimes Trials: Overview

A
  1. International Military Tribunal (IMT)

2. from 18 Oct 1945 -1 Oct. 1946, 22 major war criminals tried

62
Q

War Crimes Trials: Charges

A
  1. Conspiracy
  2. Crimes against peace
  3. War crimes
  4. Crimes against humanity
63
Q

War Crimes Trials: Defenses Marshalled

A
  1. questioned authority of international court
  2. obeying German law
  3. following military orders
  4. Fuhrer princip (leadership principle)
64
Q

War Crimes Trials: Results

A
  1. 12 convicted (death penalty)
  2. 3 convicted (life)
  3. 4 (prison terms ranging 10-20 years)
  4. 12 additional trials: Gestapo, SS, doctors, industrialists

Holocaust (2 decks)

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