Exam 2 Review Slides Flashcards
Encoding Specificity
the tendency, when memorizing, to place in memory both the materials to be learned and some amount of their context. As a result, these materials will be recognized as familiar, only if the materials appear again in a similar context.
According to the encoding specificity principle, when is retrieval best?
Retrieval is best when context is identical at study and test
What is an example of shallow encoding?
thinking about how a word looks
What is an example of deep encoding?
Thinking about the meaning of the word
Is deep encoding always better than shallow encoding?
No, deep processing is not always better, it just depends on how the information was encoded. For example, if the information was shallowly encoded, then it will be better retrieved with shallow processing.
Implicit Memories
Revealed by indirect memory testing and often manifested as a priming effect in which current performance is guided or facilitated by previous experiences. Individual is unaware of their implicit memories (unconscious awareness)
What are some aspects of implicit memory? (3)
-skill learning: being able to perform tasks automatically without needing to consciously think about the steps involved (ex. riding a bike, tying shoelaces)
-priming: changes in behavior and perception as a result of experiences that have happened frequently or recently (even though you are not consciously aware of this)
-Conditioning: learning about associations among stimuli.
Explicit Memories
Knowledge or experiences that can be consciously remembered
What are the two types of explicit memories?
-Episodic Memory: firsthand experiences that we have all had/memories for specific events (ex. recollection of high school graduation)
-Semantic Memory: general knowledge (ex. the earth goes around the sun)
What is a main difference between explicit memory and implicit memory?
We are consciously aware of explicit memory but we are not for implicit memory
Iconic Memory
Type of sensory memory that briefly stores visual information (only around a couple seconds)
How did the partial report experiment show iconic memory?
The partial report experiment had a 3x3 matrix of letters. The letters would be displayed, then disappear, then a tone would play which represented one of the rows. You then had to state the letters in that particular row. The conclusion of the study was that our perceptual system is able to perceive the whole matrix, but I iconic memory of each row fades quickly.
