Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Exam 2 Review: Endocrine System > Flashcards

Exam 2 Review: Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the endocrine system do?

A

Allows communication among cells of the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is different about the endocrine system when compared to the nervous system?

A

Unlike the nervous system, though, the endocrine system is slower to act and its actions generally last longer, so it tends to be used for long term regulation of growth, development, metabolism and reproduction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Nervous system =

A

“system of wires” using action potentials and neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Endocrine system =

A

“wireless”, using hormones and receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

A hormone is

A

Chemical messenger released by a cell or gland in one part of the body that affects cells in other parts of the body.(travels through blood)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

3 classes of vertebrate hormones

A

1.peptide-derived from amino acid
2.monoamine-derived from amino acide
3.lipid-based-derived from steroid or eicosanoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Hydrophilic hormones

A

Circulate in the bloodstream, then diffuse out to bind to target cells. These are active for a relatively short period of time before they’re metabolized by the liver and excreted through the kidneys.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Hydrophobic horomones

A

also travel in the bloodstream, but mostly bound to transport proteins (albumin, for example). This allows them to move more easily through the blood and slows their metabolic degradation and excretion so they’re able to stay active longer.
They are also bioavailable.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Hormone activated signaling pathways must have..

A

1.Permissive effects
2.Synergistic (additive) effects
3. Antagonist (opposing) effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The pancreas has two sections

A

1.Exocrine
2.Endocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The endocrine pancreas has what type of cells? What does it do?

A

Acinar cells which release enzymes related to digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The endocrine pancreas contains what ? What does it do?

A

Contains islets and is responsible for controlling blood sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What do Alpha (A cells) do?

A

Secrete the hormone glucagon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What do beta (B cells) do?

A

Produce insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Islets of Langerhans does what (long name for islets)

A

Secrete hormones (insulin & glucagon) into the blood stream.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

For people with insulin-
dependent diabetes mellitus,
exogenous insulin does what?

A

Makes up for lack of natural insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define glucagon

A

hormone released from alpha cells in the pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Define glycogen

A

the storage form of glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Insulin does what to cells?

A

Insulin signals cells to insert transporters into the membrane, greatly increasing glucose uptake.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What happens in the absence of insulin?

A

Little glucose enters the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Type 1 diabetes is

A

Insulin dependent decreased or impaired production.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Type 2 diabetes is

A

non-insulin dependent insulin resistance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Gestational diabetes is

A

insulin resistance secondary to hormones
produced by the placenta.
typically self-limiting and should resolve
post-partum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Hyperglycemia is

A

high glucose levels in blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Hypoglycemia is

A

low glucose levels in blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The hypothalamus is the major integrating link for

A

the nervous and endocrine systems

27
Q

The hypothalamus controls ____ with what 2 things?

A

Controls the Anterior Pituitary with 2 different releasing hormones releasing & inhibiting.

28
Q

Together the hypothalamus and pituitary gland do what?

A

Together, the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland regulate virtually all aspects of growth,
development, metabolism, and homeostasis.

29
Q

The posterior pituitary releases what 2 hormones?

A

1.Antidiuretic hormone-regulates water balance and maintain blood pressure homeostasis.
2.Oxytocin-aids in childbirth, breastfeeding, and social bonding.

30
Q

Antidiuretic hormone=

A

ADH=Vasopressin

31
Q

Secretion from the anterior pituitary is controlled by

A

Hypothalamic regulating hormones( trophic hormones, tropic hormones, or tropins) AND negative feedback mechanisms.

32
Q

Two classes of hypothalamic regulatory hormones are

A

1.Releasing hormone (RH)-stimulates synthesis and secretion of one or more hormones in the anterior lobe.
2.Inhibiting hormone (IH)-prevents synthesis and secretion of hormones form the anterior lobe

33
Q

The hypothalamus produces what 6 hormones in response to hypothalamic hormones?

A

1.Prolactin
2.Thyroid SH
3.Adrenocorticotrophic hormone
4.growth hormone
5.follicle stimulating hormone
6.luteinizing hormone

34
Q

Hypothalamic-
Pituitary-Prolactin
Axis consists of:

A

Hypothalamic
releasing
hormone: None (PRH)
Hypothalamic
inhibiting hormone: Dopamine Somatostatin
Hormones released
by anterior pituitary: Prolactin
Major target
organ:Mammary glands
Hormones released
by target: None

35
Q

Hypothalamic-
Pituitary-Thyroid
Axis consists of:

A

Hypothalamic
releasing
hormone: TRH
Hypothalamic
inhibiting hormone: Somatostatin
Hormones released
by anterior pituitary: TSH
Major target
organ: Thyroid gland
Hormones released
by target: T3 & T4

36
Q

Hypothalamic-
Pituitary-Adrenal
Axis consists of:

A

Hypothalamic
releasing
hormone: CRH
Hypothalamic
inhibiting hormone: None
Hormones released
by anterior pituitary: ACTH
Major target
organ:Adrenal cortex
Hormones released
by target: Cortisol, adrenal androgens

37
Q

Two main parts of the adrenals are

A

1.The adrenal cortex- produces corticosteroids
2. The adrenal medulla-produces epi & nor-epi

38
Q

The 3 main layers of the adrenal cortex are:

A

1.Zona glomerulosa- secretes mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
2. Zona fasciculata- secretes glucocorticoids (cortisol)
3,Zona reticularis- secretes androgens

39
Q

Mineralocorticoids are

A

steroid hormones that affect the electrolyte composition of body fluids

40
Q

Glucocorticoids are

A

steroid hormones that affect glucose metabolism

41
Q

What do ACE inhibitors do?

A

ACE inhibitors prevent an enzyme in the body from producing angiotensin II, a substance that narrows blood vessels.

42
Q

95% of mineralocorticoid activity is due to what?

A

aldosterone

43
Q

Mineralocorticoids also do what?

A

-increases reabsorption* of Na+ and Cl- in the kidneys
bicarbonate ions and water follow
-increases loss of K+ and H+ to the urine to help maintain pH balance

44
Q

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system simple explanation

A

There are 3 main steps that occur to produce angiotensin II: renin release, conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I using renin, and conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II using angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). This is all due to low blood pressue.

45
Q

What does glucocorticoid activity do other than produce cortisol?

A
  • increases rate of protein catabolism
  • stimulates conversion of amino acids
  • to glucose (gluconeogenesis) in the liver
  • stimulates glycogen breakdown in the liver
  • stimulates lipolysis
    has anti-inflammatory effects
46
Q

What is Cushing’s syndrome?

A

– too much cortisol

47
Q

What is Addison’s dz?

A

– too little corticosteroid

48
Q

What would happen if you gave
exogenous ACTH to a person with
a normal HPA axis?

A

increase in circulating cortisol

49
Q

Androgens are produced by

A

EX being steroids and testosterone are produced by the testes and some by the adrenal cortex.

50
Q

Parts of the thyroid gland include:

A

Internal matrix of colloid- mostly composed of thyroglobulin
follicular cells-which secrete T3 & T4
parafollicular cells (clear cells)- secrete calcitonin

51
Q

Calcitonin is released by

A

parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland

52
Q

What is critical to T3 & T4 synthesis?

A

Iodine allows for the thyroid gland to keep producing t3 and t4

53
Q

What do many of the effects of the thyroid hormones resemble

A

Sympathetic stimulation

54
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

Thyroid gland does not make enough thyroid hormone.

55
Q

Hyperthyroidim

A

Overproduction of thyroid hormone

56
Q

The parathyroid gland secretes what hormone?

A

Parathyroid hormone or PTH

57
Q

PTH does what to blood?

A

increases concentration of calcium in blood

58
Q

What is the pineal gland responsible for?

A

Responsible for the production of melatonin, a hormone that that affects the
modulation of wake/sleep patterns and seasonal functions

59
Q

3 main functions of the circulatory system

A

Transport, protection, and regulation

60
Q

Cells are services by what two fluids?

A

Blood & intersitial fluid

61
Q

Extracellular fluid=

A

interstitial fluid + plasma + lymph + CSF + synovial fluid

62
Q

Blood plasma=

A

matrix

63
Q

Formed elements=

A

blood cells, including red
blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and
platelets (cell fragments)

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions