Exam 2 Review Chapters 13-15 Flashcards
Review for Exam 2 with key points and skills
What does pyran mean?
Unsaturated ether ring of 6 atoms
What does furan mean?
Five-atom ring with an O
What is a dioxane?
Cyclic ether with 2 O and 6 atom ring
Which has a higher boiling point, an ether or an alcohol?, and why?
Alcohol, because of the polarity of the OH and the hydrogen bonding that occurs.
How many carbons can an alcohol have in order to be soluble in water?
1-4, 5?
How many carbons can an ether have in order to be soluble in water?
2-3
Dehydration of alcohols form what?
Alkene and water
What is Seytzeff’s rule?
The major product forms by removing the hydrogen from the carbon atom that has the smaller number of hydrogen atoms.
During dehydration when would an ether form?
When the temp is 130 C or less
Define Oxidation reaction
increase in the number of C-O bonds; loss of hydrogen, gain of oxygen
Define Reduction
fewer bonds between C-O
What is the product of a primary alcohol going through an oxidation reaction
aldehyde C=O
What is the product if an aldehyde is oxidized?
Carboxylic Acid HO-C=O (at the end)
What is the product of a secondary alcohol being oxidized?
Ketone C-C(=O)-C
What is the product of a tertiary alcohol being oxidized?
Nothing, resists oxidization because there are no hydrogens bonded to the carbon that holds the alcohol
What is the product of a thiol beinf oxidized?
Disulfide S-S
K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4 are
Strong Oxidizing agents
What is PCC
A weak oxidizing agent to catch the mechanisms of a reaction
NAD and NADH are to find what?
Where the specific hydrogens go first
What is a structural isomer?
Has the same amount of molecules, but different structures.
What is the ending for aldehydes
-al
what is the ending for alcohols
-ol
An aldehyde + a benzene ring would be named what?
benzaldehyde
What is the structure of Glucose?
C6 LRLL (OH Groups)
What is the directional orientation of a D and L Sugar
D=Right; L=Left
-ane ending changes when a ketone by:
-anone
What has a higher boiling point, aldehydes and ketones, ether, or alkanes?
aldehydes and ketones; their dipole-dipole forces cause this. Alcohols are still higher.
How many carbons attached to the Carbonyl group can you have for it to be soluble?
1-4
Tollen’s test is what?
Silver mirror; oxidization with 2Ag+
What is Benedict’s test?
Blue solution Cu2+, added then heated, turns brick red if sugars are present
What reducing agents are used with aldehydes and ketones?
H2; NaBH4
Addition
Break pi bond; make 2 new sigma bonds
Substitution
Small group or atom
Elimination
Break 2 sigma bonds make a pi bond
Condensation
2 organic molecules to 1, loose small molecule (Usually H2O)
What do you get when an aldehyde or ketone reacts with an alcohol with a strong acid catalyst?
Acetals
acetal
semetrical
hemiacetal
intermediate; alcohol on one side
Cyclic hemiacetals form when?
The carbonyl group and the alcohol are on the same carbon chain
An example of a chiral object is
my hands
Stereoisomers
cis and trans not structural
What is Furanose
5 C ring
What is the structure of D-ribose
C6 RRR
What is the structural orientations of the Fischer productions
F R=HD; FL=HU
What is the big difference in fructose
carbonyl group on the 2nd carbon
what is an alpha sugar
first OH group is down
What is a beta sugar
first OH group is up
What is equilibrium for Beta and alpha?
B=64%; a=36%
Pyranose
6 ring with an O
What is the sure way to tell between acid/base and redox?
Net effect of the e- being pulled away from the C or C-O bonds vs. C-H bonds added and subtracted
Which of the following is NOT a reducing sugar Maltose, Lactose, Fructose, Glucose or Sucrose?
Sucrose
What are polysaccharides in animals called?
Glycogin
What are polysaccharides in plants called?
Amylose, Amylopectin, and Cellulose