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BIO101 > Exam 2 Review > Flashcards

Exam 2 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Describe a Fluid Mosaic Model

A

Membrane is a mosaic of protein molecultes embedded in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids

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2
Q

What are the 4 components of cellular membranes

A
  1. Phospholipid Bilayer ( flexible matrix, animal = cholesterol, plants = sterols/no cholesterol)
  2. Transmembrane Proteins (integral)
  3. Interior Protein Network (peripheral or intracellular, reinforces shape)
  4. Cell-Surface Markers
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3
Q

Phospholipids are _____ molecules, containing hydrophobic and hydrophillic regions

A

amphipathic

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4
Q

What are the 6 types of membrane proteins?

A
  1. Transporter
  2. Enzyme
  3. Cell-surface marker
  4. Cellular receptors
  5. Cell to cell adhesion
  6. Cytoskeleton anchor
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5
Q

Describe the permeability of the lipid bilayer; what crosses and what does not?

A

Hydrophobic molecules cross easily

Polar molecules do not.

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6
Q

Passive transport is movement of molecules through the membrane in which…

A

No energy is required.

Molecules move in repsonse to a concentration gradient. (diffusion)

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7
Q

Diffusion is movement of molecules from ___.

A

high concentration to low concentration

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8
Q

What is the structure and function of channel proteins

A
  • Allows ions to pass
  • They are gated; open or closed in response to stimulus (chemical or electrical)
  • 3 conditions determine direction
    ( relavtive concentration, voltage differences, gated open or closed)
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9
Q

What is the structure and function of carrier protiens

A
  • Help transport ions and other solutes ( sugar and amino acids)
  • Requires a concentration difference across the membrane
  • Must bind to the molecule they transport
  • Saturation - rate of transport limited by number of transporters
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10
Q

What happens to animal cell in hypotonic solution?

A

Lysed

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11
Q

What happens to plant cell in hypotonic solution?

A

Turgid - normal state

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12
Q

What happens to animal cell in Hypertonic solution?

A

Shriveled

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13
Q

What happens to plant cell in hypertonic solution?

A

Plasmolyzed

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14
Q

What happens to animals cell in isotonic solution?

A

Normal state

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15
Q

What happens to plant cell in isotonic solution?

A

Flaccid

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16
Q

Maintaining osmotic balance:

  1. Marine organisms adjust ____ ____to match seawatter.
  2. Terrestrial animals circulate ___ fluid throughout their bodies
  3. Plants use ____ ____ to push the cell membrane against the cell wall to keep the cell rigid.
A
  1. Internal concentration
  2. Isotonic
  3. Turgor Pressure
17
Q

Describe active transport.

Is ATP required?

A

Moves substances against their concentration gradients.

Requires energy; ATP.

18
Q

What are the types of carrier proteins?

A

Uniporters - moves 1 molecule
Symporters - moves 2 molecules
Anitporters - moves 2 molecules in opposite directions.
(terms can also be used to describe facilitated diffusion carrers)

19
Q

Describe Coupled transport. Does it use ATP?

A

Uses ATP indirectly
Symporter is used
Uses the energy released when a molecule moves by diffusion to supply energy to active transport of a different molecule.

20
Q

Bulk Transport-
Endocytosis is the movement of substances ___ the cell.
Exocytosis is the movement of substances ___ the cell.
Which requires energy?

A
  1. Into
  2. Out of
  3. Exocytosis
21
Q

Name the three types of endocytosis

A
  1. Phagocytosis (cellular eating)
  2. Pinocytosis (cellualr drinking)
  3. Receptor mediated endocytosis (specific molecules are taken in after they bind to a receptor)
22
Q

What is energy in motion?

A

Kinetic energy

23
Q

What is potential energy?

A

Stored energy (because of its location or structure)

24
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics

A

Energy of the universe is constant

Energy can be transferred and transformed but not be created or destroyed.

25
Q

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

A

As energy increases so does disorder (entropy) increase.

26
Q

Exergonic reations ___ energy

A

release.

27
Q

Energonic reations ___ energy

A

stores

28
Q

Anabolic reactions:

A

Expend energy to build up molecules, endergonic

29
Q

Catabolic reactions:

A

Harvest energy by breaking down molecules, exergonic

30
Q

What is Phosphorylation?

A

Hydrolysis of ATP releases energy by transferring its third phosphate from ATP to some other molecule

31
Q

What is activation energy?

A

the energy needed to start a chemical reaction

32
Q

How do enzymes affect activation energy?

A

Enzymes lower activation energy therefore speeding up the process.

33
Q

What are non protein helpers to enzymes? Where does it bind?

A

cofactors bind to active sites.

34
Q

What is an organic cofactor?

A

coenzyme

35
Q

Name the 2 types of enzyme inhibitors and what they do

A

competitive - binds with the active site and noncompetitive binds with the allosteric site and changes the shape of the enzyme

36
Q

Cellular respiration can produce up to ___ ATP molecules for each glucose.

A

32

37
Q

Cellular repiration is Exergonic
inputs:
Out puts:

A

inputs: glucose and oxygen
outputs: carbon dioxide, water and heat

38
Q

Stages of cellular respiration:

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Pyruvate Oxidation
  3. Citrtic Acid Cycle
  4. Oxidative Phosphorylation
39
Q

Glycolysis input and output

A

Energy investment
Input:
•Requires 2 ATP
•4 ATP formed- substrate level phosphorylation
•2 pyruvate + 2 water formed•2 NADH + 2H+ formed

BIO101 (2 decks)

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