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Anatomy 2 COB > Exam 2 review > Flashcards

Exam 2 review Flashcards

1
Q

Which muscle is presumably necessary to “unlock” the knee from its extended position?

A

popliteus

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2
Q

List the contents of the popliteal fossa (in order from deep to more superficial).

A

Popliteal artery
Popliteal vein
Tibial nerve

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3
Q

Name the nerve supply to each compartment of the thigh.

A

Anterior compartment:
–femoral nerve (L2-4)

Medial compartment:

    • Obturator nerve
    • Tibial nerve (To hamstring portion of adductor magnus)

Posterior compartment:

    • Common peroneal nerve (to biceps femoris brevis)
    • Tibial nerve
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4
Q

Muscles in anterior compartment of thigh

A

Iliopsoas

Sartorius

Pectineus

Quadriceps

 1. Rectus femoris 
2. Vastus lateralis 
3. Vastus intermedius
4. Vastus medialis
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5
Q

muscles in medial compartment of thigh

A

i. Gracilis
ii. Adductor longus
iii. Adductor brevis
iv. Adductor magnus
v. Obturator externus

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6
Q

muscles in posterior compartment of thigh

A

i. Hamstrings
1. Biceps femoris
a. Long head and short head
2. Semimembranosus
3. Semitendinosus
ii. Adductor Hiatus

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7
Q

blood supply to anterior compartment of thigh

A

femoral artery

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8
Q

blood supply to medial compartment of thigh

A

obturator artery (branch of internal iliac artery)

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9
Q

blood supply to Posterior compartment of thigh

A

perforating arteries (from profunda brachii)

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10
Q

basic function of muscles in anterior compartment of the thigh

A

hip flexion and knee extension

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11
Q

basic function of muscles in medial compartment of the thigh

A

adduction

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12
Q

basic function of muscles in posterior compartment of the thigh

A

hip extension, knee flexion

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13
Q

name nerve supply to the superficial posterior compartment of the leg

A

i. Tibial nerve
1. Divides into medial and lateral plantar nerves inferior and posterior to medial malleolus
2. Gives off medial sural cutaneous nerve
3. Joins with communicating branch peroneal (fibular) nerve to form
a. Sural nerve: cutaneous

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14
Q

name nerve supply to the deep posterior compartment of the leg

A

tibial nerve

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15
Q

name nerve supply to the lateral compartment of the leg

A

i .Superficial Peroneal (fibular) nerve

 1. Deep to peroneus longus 
2. Inserts on lateral tuberosity
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16
Q

name the nerve supply to the anterior compartment of the leg

A

deep peroneal (fibular) nerve

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17
Q

Name the basic functions of the superficial posterior compartment of the leg

A

Leg/foot stabilization

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18
Q

Name the basic functions of the deep posterior compartment of the leg

A
  • plantar flexion
  • foot inversion
  • helps maintain medial longitudinal arches
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19
Q

Name the basic functions of the anterior compartment of the leg

A
  • toe extension

- ankle dorsiflexion

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20
Q

Name the basic functions of the lateral compartment of the leg

A
  • plantar flexion
    toe eversion
  • maintain transverse and longitudinal arches of the foot
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21
Q

The lateral sural cutaneous nerve is a branch of which nerve?

A

From common peroneal (fibular) nerve

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22
Q

Which ligament is the primary support for the medial longitudinal arch of the foot?

A

Calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament

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23
Q

Name the components of foot inversion and of foot eversion.

A 
a. Talocalcaneal (subtalar) joint 
  I. Inversion: 
     1.	Adduction (vertical axis) 
    2.	Supination (longitudinal axis) 
    3.	Plantarflexion (coronal axis)
  ii.Eversion: opposite of inversion

b.Talocalcaneonavicular joint
I. Composite joint: talocalcaneal joint + talonavicular joint

c. Transverse tarsal joint
i. Adds to inversion/eversion range
ii. Keeps distal foot inverted with lateral surface in contact with ground while hindfoot is everted
iii. Compensation between hindfoot and forefoot not possible when hindfoot is inverted

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24
Q

Name the individual bones that constitute the hindfoot

A

talus and calcaneus

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25
Q

Name the individual bones that constitute the midfoot

A

navicular
cuboid
cuneiforms

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26
Q

Name the individual bones that constitute the forefoot

A

metatarsals

phalanges

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27
Q

name the four components of the medial collateral ligament of the ankle

A

Tibionavicular
Tibiocalcaneal
Anterior tibiotalar
Posterior tibiotalar

28
Q

Which bones form the mortise and tenon joint of the ankle, and which is which?

A

a. Mortise
i. Fibular malleolus
ii. Tibial malleolus
iii. Distal end of tibia
b. Tenon
i. Head of talus
c. The tenon fits into the mortise

29
Q

Which nerve(s) innervate(s) the intrinsic muscles on the dorsum of the foot?

A

Deep peroneal nerve

30
Q

Describe the cutaneous innervation of the dorsum of the foot.

A
  • superficial peroneal nerve
  • deep peroneal nerve
  • sural nerve
31
Q

List characteristics of the dorsal and of the plantar interosseous muscles of the foot.

A

a. Dorsal interossei (dorsum)
i. Abductors
ii. Second toe is a reference
b. Dorsal interossei (sole) (x4)
i. Origin – adjacent sides of shafts of metatarsals 1-5
ii. Insertion – medial side of proximal phalanx of digit
2; lateral sides of digits 2-4
iii. Action – abducts digits 2-4; flexes metatarsal-phalangeal joints
iv. Innervation – lateral plantar nerve S2-3
c. Plantar Interossei (sole) (x3)
i. Origin – each head arises from the medial side of the base of each metatarsus 3-5 and form the sheath of the peroneus longus
ii. Insertion – medial side of base of proximal phalanx of the same digit
iii. Action – adducts digits 3-5 at the MP joints toward the axis of the second toe; flexes the MP joints and extends the PIP and DIP joints of digits 3-5
iv. Innervation – Lateral planter nerve S2-3

32
Q

list the muscles that make up the first layer of the foot

A

i. Abductor hallucis
ii. Flexor digitorum brevis
iii. Abductor digiti minimi

33
Q

list the muscles that make up the second layer of the foot

A

i. Quadratus plantae

ii. Lumbricals

34
Q

list the muscles that make up the third layer of the foot

A

i. Flexor hallucis brevis
ii. Adductor hallucis
iii. Flexor digiti minimi brevis

35
Q

list the muscles that make up the fourth layer of the foot

A

i. 4 dorsal interossei

ii. 3 plantar interossei

36
Q

The tendon of which muscle passes between two sesamoid bones located at the base of the first metatarsus?

A

Flexor hallucis longus tendon

37
Q

Name the only basicranial bone that is entirely preformed in cartilage?

A

Ethmoid

38
Q

The supraorbital foramina (notches) are associated with which facial bone?

A

Frontal bone

39
Q

Which fontanelle located at the junction of the sagittal and lambdoidal sutures?

A

Posterior fontanelle

40
Q

The foramina rotundum and ovale are found in which of the regions of the skull?

A

Middle cranial fossa

41
Q

The tectorial membrane is a superior extension of which ligament?

A

Posterior longitudinal ligament

42
Q

The posterior atlantooccipital membrane is a superior extension of which ligament?

A

Anterior longitudinal ligament

43
Q

The muscles of the suboccipital triangle are innervated by which nerve?

A

Suboccipital nerve

44
Q

Describe the location and attachments of the cruciform ligament.

A

a. Cruciform ligament = cruciate ligament

b. Holds posterior dens of C2 in articulation at the median atlantoaxial joint

45
Q

Which facial muscle functions to close the eyes?

A

Orbicularis oculi

46
Q

Name the branches of the facial artery.

A

a. Superior and inferior labial arteries
b. Lateral nasal artery
c. Angular artery

47
Q

Which cranial nerve provides most of the sensation to the face?

A

Trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve 5)

48
Q

What nerve provides sensory innervation to the very back of the head?

A

Greater occipital nerve

49
Q

Which cranial nerve provides motor innervation to muscles of facial expression?

A

Cranial nerve 7 (facial nerve)

50
Q

The adductor hallucis is found in the third layer of muscles on the sole of the foot. It is made up of both an oblique head and a transverse head. What is the common insertion of this muscle?

A

Base of proximal phalanx of the great toe with the flexor hallucis brevis

51
Q

The crural fascia forms retinacula in the foot. The superior retinaculum binds down tendons of muscles located in which compartment?

A

Anterior compartment

52
Q

The popliteal fossa is formed by the borders of four muscles. Which pair of muscles forms the inferior boundaries of the popliteal fossa?

A

a. Medial and lateral heads of the gastrocnemius

b. Superior border – semimembranosus and semitendinosus

53
Q

During knee extension, the patella is pulled proximally by the quadriceps and also laterally. Which muscle is required to counteract the lateral pull on the patella?

A

Vastus medialis oblique

54
Q

Which muscle attaches to both the medial aspect of the femur (linea aspera) and the adductor tubercle, creating the adductor hiatus?

A

Adductor magnus

55
Q

Which muscle is part of the posterior compartment of the thigh and attaches to the ischial tuberosity proximally and is capable of externally rotating the knee?

A

Biceps femoris longus

56
Q

Which muscle separates the exit of the superior and inferior gluteal arteries from the pelvic cavity?

A

piriformis

57
Q

Describe the innervation of the gluteal region

A

a. Posterior gluteal compartment is innervated by the inferior gluteal nerve
b. Lateral gluteal compartment is innervated by the superior gluteal nerve

58
Q

Identify structures that pass through the greater sciatic foramina.

A

i. Structures entering or leaving pelvis
1. Piriformis muscle
2. Sciatic nerve
3. Superior/inferior gluteal vessels and nerves
4. Pudendal nerve
5. Internal pudendal artery/vein
6. Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve
7. Nerves to quadratus femoris and obturator internus

59
Q

Identify structures that pass through the greater sciatic foramina.

A

i. Structures entering or leaving perineum
1. Tendon of obturator internus
2. Nerve to obturator internus
3. Pudendal nerve
4. Internal pudendal vessels

60
Q

The Trendelenburg test is used to evaluate which muscle?

A

a. Evaluates strength of contralateral gluteus medius

61
Q

Describe the function(s) of the three capsular ligaments of the hip joint.

A

a. Acetabular labrum
b. Transverse acetabular ligament
c. Iliofemoral ligament
- — they all resist hyperextension of the hip

62
Q

Describe the location and function of the ligamentum teres as related to the hip complex.

A

a. Proximal attachment: fovea of femoral head
b. Distal attachment: transverse acetabular ligament
c. Supports artery to the head of the femur

63
Q

Describe the boundaries of the femoral triangle and the contents. Also list the contents of the femoral sheath.

A

a. Borders:
i. Medial border of sartorius muscle
ii. Medial border of adductor longus muscle
iii. Inguinal ligament (From ASIS to pubic tubercle)
b. Contents (lateral to medial
i. Femoral nerve (not in femoral sheath)
ii. Femoral artery
iii. Femoral vein
iv. Lymphatics

64
Q

Which muscle is required to counteract the lateral pull on the patella by the quadriceps during knee extension?

A

Vastus medialis oblique

65
Q

What is the function of the menisci and coronary ligaments in the knee complex?

A

a. To enhance the stability of the knee (deepens the articular surfaces)
b. Distributes weight
c. Reduces friction between articular surfaces

Anatomy 2 COB (1 decks)

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