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embryo > exam 2 review > Flashcards

exam 2 review Flashcards

1
Q

in early heart formation, cells migrating thorugh the anterior part of the primitive streak will form which of the components of the heart

A

outflow tract

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2
Q

in the early embryo, during somitogenesis, how many somitomere pairs are found caudal to the most caudal somite pair

A

11

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3
Q

opposing FGF-8 and retinoic acid gradients associated with which theory regarding somite formation

A

wavefront mechanism

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4
Q

the sclerotome is derived from cells from what source

A

paraxial mesoderm

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5
Q

what is the source of the cardiogenic plate

A

splanchnic mesoderm

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6
Q

an inductive stimulus from what source stimulates the transformation of the epithelial sclerotome into secondary mesenchyme

A

notochord

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7
Q

the intermediate mesoderm in teh early embryo gives rise to which system(s)/structures

A

urogenital system

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8
Q

what type of embryonic defects are charactersized as primary errors of morphogenesis that are usually multifactorial and involve a number of etiological agents including genetic and environmental factors

A

malformation

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9
Q

what condition refers to teh accumulation of edema fluid in the fetus during intrauterine growth

A

hydrops

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10
Q

folic acid deficiency is now thought to be a major cause of what class of malformation

A

neural tube defects

(anencephaly)

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11
Q

anal atresia can be attributed to what type of disturbance

A

tissue resorption

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12
Q

what group of congential malformations makes up the largest percentage of congenital malformations

A

unknown factors

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13
Q

cleft palate is the result of a defect in what developmental mechanism

A

failure of migration

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14
Q

phocomelia is most likely to be seen after matneral exposure to which teratogenic agent during the first trimester of pregnancy

A

thalidamide

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15
Q

what are the characteristic effects caused by exposure of the fetus to alcohol

A

long thin upper lip

shortened, upwardly slanting palpebral fissures

low nasal bridge

indistinct philtrum

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16
Q

supplementing the diet of women of childbearing age with which dietary supplement may reduce the incidnece of neural tube defects such as anencephaly

A

folic acid

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17
Q

in fetal hydrops, the affected brain may become enlarged and edematous and, when sectioned, has a bright yellow color, particularly the basal nuclei, thalamus, cerebellum, cerebral gray, and spinal cord. what term is related to this CNS damage

A

kernicturus or jaundice

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18
Q

an increased incidence of what conditions is strongly associated with increasing maternal age

A

down’s syndrome

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19
Q

during childbirth, which membranes/layers around the embryo rupture and which do not

A

***

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20
Q

tendons of limb Mm arise from what source

A

lateral plate mesoderm

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21
Q

limb Mm arise from what source

A

ventrolateral dermomyotome

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22
Q

expression of what genes are involved in the separation of the dermomyotome into dorsal dermatome and ventral myotome

A

pax3

pax7

paraxis

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23
Q

In early heart formation, cells migrating through the anterior part of the primitive streak will form which of the heart components

A

outflow tract

24
Q

In early heart formation, cells migrating through the middle part of the primitive streak will form which of the heart components

A

ventricles

25
Q

In early heart formation, cells migrating through the posterior part of the primitive streak will form which of the heart components

A

atria

26
Q

hydatidiform mole is related to which genetic-related condition

A

paternal imprinting??

Prader Willi?

27
Q

formation of ribs on the lumbar and sacral

A

knockout of all Hox 10 paralogues

28
Q

myoepithelial cells in the lactating breasts contract in response to what hormone

A

oxytocin

29
Q

which components of the hair and its follicle are derived from ectoderm

A

hair follicle, hair shaft, sebaceous glands

30
Q

which components of the hair and its follicle are derived from mesoderm

A

hair papilla, outer hair follicle, arrector Mm

31
Q

the proatlas analage contributes to the formation of which structures

A

basiooccipital bone

dens of atlas

32
Q

what factor is antagonistic to BMP and when down regulated, allows sutures to fuse

A

***

33
Q

what structures are derived from the trophoblast

A

placenta

chorion

34
Q

list characteristics of early and late placenta

A

early: thick, low permeability, small surface area, total diffusion conductance is minisdule

late: thin, high permeability, large surface area, large increase in placental diffusion

35
Q

describe factors that facilitate the exchange of oxygen between the fetal and maternal blood

A
  • fetal Hb has a high affinity for oxygen
  • bohr effect - Hb carries more O2 at a low PCO2
    • ​fetal blood coming into placenta carries more CO2
    • excess CO2 diffuses into maternal blood
      • fetal blood becomes more alkaline
      • maternal blood becomes more acidic
    • changes causes:
      • increases in capacity of fetal blood to combine with O2
      • decreases in capacity of maternal blood to combine with O2
    • double bohr effect
36
Q

what factor is in the permanent cartilage pathway causes chondroblasts to secrete collagen II and cartilage matrix and is continually expressed in permanent cartilage

A

sox-9

37
Q

what are the effects of HCG on the corpus luteum

A

prevents shrinkage of corpus luteum

causes corpus luteum to increase secretion of progesterone and estrogens

causes increased growth in corpus luteum

exerts interstitial cell-stimulating effect on testes of male fetus; results in production of testosterone until birth

38
Q

what cells can be considered immigrant with regard to teh development of the integument

A
  • melanoblasts
    • derived from: neural crest
    • functions: produce pigament by mid-pregnancy
  • langerhans’ cells
    • derived from: bone marrow
    • functions: APC
  • merkel cells
    • derived from: neural crest
    • functions: slow-adapting mechanoreceptors
39
Q

describe the characterstics of satellite cells in reference to muscle tissue differentiation

A
  • attached to myotubes before basal lamina is laid down and located between sarcolemma and basallamina of myofiber
  • mitotic and myogenic
  • able to fuse with muscle fiber and provide for growth
  • DO NOT form new muscle fibers
  • generally quiescent
  • function as stem cells
  • can beceom mitotic in times of stress
    • HGF (hepatic growth factor) binds to C-MET
  • gives rise to myogenic precursor cells
    • replace damaged muscle by proliferating, fusing, and differentiating into skeletal muscle fibers
40
Q

what signaling molecules are expressed by the isthmic organizer

A

FGF-8

Wnt-1

41
Q

what germ layers make up each of the extraembryonic membranes

A

amnion (inner cell mass: epiblast derivative) - ECTODERM

yolk sac (inner cell mass: hypoblast derivative) - ENDODERM

chorion (part of fetal maternal interface) - ECTODERM

allantois (inner cell mass; interfaces with placenta via umbilical cord) - ENDODERM

42
Q

what germ layer is absent from the oropharyngeal membrane

A

mesoderm

43
Q

name the factor that is involved in the formation of rhombomeres 3 and 5

A

retinoic acid

44
Q

describe the 3 circulatory arcs and their components in teh 4-week embryo

A

vitelline arc - yolk

allantoic arc - umbilical

embryonic arc

45
Q

what transcription factor suppresses the formation of anterior gut structures and promotes hindgut development

A

Cdx-2

46
Q

at what time during pregnancy does maximum secretion of HCG occur

A

10-12 weeks

47
Q

what role does p53 play in the formation of the intermediate layer of the epidermis and what is its relation to miRNA-203

A

activation of p63 → formation of 3-layered epidermis

intermediate layer → formed by miRNA-203 that inactivates p63

48
Q

what is filaggrin and what is it specifically associated with

A

protein that interconnects cells of the stratum corneum

is derived from one of the granular components of keratohyalin

49
Q

compare permissive and instructive induction and give examples

A

permissive:

responding tissue contains all the potentials that are to be expressed and needs only an environment that allows the expression of these traits

example:

instructive:

signal from incuding cell is necessary for initiating new gene expression in the responding cell

example: underlying dermis influences the development of the epidermis (espcially of the epidermal derivatives)

50
Q

which intramembranous bone in the body is the first to become ossified

A

clavicle

51
Q

parachordal cartilages contribute to the formation of which components of the embryonic skull

A

basioccipital portion of chondrocranium

52
Q

prechordal (hypophyseal) cartilages contribute to the formation of which components of the embyronic skull

A

***

53
Q

list characterstics of early cardiac muscle cells

A
  • derived from splanchnic mesoderm
  • early cardiac musculature does not express MyoD
  • both cardiac and skeletal muscle cells express MADS
  • begin to contract early
  • maintain their ability to divide by partially disassembling their contractile apparatus prior to cell division
  • remain as mononucleated cells and attach to each other via intercalated discs
54
Q

what skull structures are derived from the membranous portion of the viscerocranium

A

part of temporal

zygomatic

maxillary

nasal lacrimal

palatine

vomer

pterygoid plates

mandible

tympanic ring

55
Q

name the 4 components of the typical embryonic pharyngeal arch

A

skeltal element

muscles

branch of a specific cranial N

artery

embryo (1 decks)

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