Exam 2 Review

Question 1

What are the four primary stages of aerobic respiration?

Answer 1

1. Glycolysis
2. Pyruvate Oxidation
3. Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) & Chemiosmosis

Question 2

Where does glycolysis occur?

Answer 2

Cytoplasm

Question 3

What are the major outputs of glycolysis?

Answer 3

2 Pyruvate, 2 Net ATP, 2 NADH

Question 4

Where does pyruvate oxidation occur in eukaryotes?

Answer 4

Mitochondrial matrix

Question 5

What are the major outputs of pyruvate oxidation?

Answer 5

2 Acetyl-CoA, 2 NADH, 2 CO₂

Question 6

What are the major outputs of the Citric Acid Cycle per 2 Acetyl-CoA?

Answer 6

2 ATP (or GTP), 6 NADH, 2 FADH₂, 4 CO₂

Question 7

Where does the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) occur?

Answer 7

Inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 8

What are the major outputs of the Electron Transport Chain?

Answer 8

~26–34 ATP, H₂O, regenerated NAD⁺ and FAD

Question 9

What is the overall ATP yield from aerobic respiration per glucose molecule?

Answer 9

About 30–38 ATP

Question 10

What is the rule of all biology?

Answer 10

DNA is transcribed into mRNA, which is then translated into a protein product.

Question 11

What is fermentation?

Answer 11

An anaerobic process that allows glycolysis to continue by regenerating NAD⁺.

Question 12

What are the products of alcoholic fermentation?

Answer 12

Ethanol, CO₂, and NAD⁺

Question 13

What organisms perform alcoholic fermentation?

Answer 13

Yeasts, some bacteria

Question 14

What are the products of lactic acid fermentation?

Answer 14

Lactate (lactic acid) and NAD⁺

Question 15

What organisms perform lactic acid fermentation?

Answer 15

Certain bacteria (e.g., Lactobacillus), muscle cells under low oxygen

Question 16

What is the balanced chemical formula for photosynthesis?

Answer 16

6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂

Question 17

What is one benefit of plants related to oxygen?

Answer 17

Plants release oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis.

Question 18

What is the fluid mosaic model?

Answer 18

Describes the cell membrane as a dynamic bilayer of phospholipids with embedded proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates.

Question 19

What is the primary function of cholesterol in the cell membrane?

Answer 19

Helps maintain membrane fluidity and stability in animal cells.

Question 20

What is passive transport?

Answer 20

Movement of molecules from high to low concentration without ATP.

Question 21

What is the sodium-potassium pump an example of?

Answer 21

Active transport

Question 22

Fill in the blank: In a hypertonic solution, cells will ______.

Answer 22

Crenate (shrink)

Question 23

What is catabolism?

Answer 23

Breaking down molecules, releasing energy.

Question 24

What is an enzyme’s active site?

Answer 24

Region on the enzyme where substrate binds.

Question 25

What is competitive inhibition?

Answer 25

Inhibitor competes with the substrate for the active site.

Question 26

What is the overall reaction for cellular respiration?

Answer 26

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂ → 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O (+ ATP)

Question 27

What is the role of sunlight in photosynthesis?

Answer 27

Powers the light-dependent reactions to produce ATP and NADPH.

Question 28

What is the role of NAD⁺ in cellular respiration?

Answer 28

Electron carrier that is regenerated during processes like glycolysis.

Question 29

Fill in the blank: ______ are the carriers that bring amino acids to the ribosome.

Answer 29

tRNAs

Question 30

What happens during plasmolysis?

Answer 30

Plant cell's membrane pulls away from the cell wall due to water loss.

Question 31

What is lysis?

Answer 31

Cell bursting in a hypotonic solution.

Question 32

Fill in the blank: The organelle known as the 'powerhouse of the cell' is the ______.

Answer 32

Mitochondrion

Question 33

What is the induced fit model?

Answer 33

Enzyme’s active site changes shape slightly to fit the substrate.

Question 34

What is the difference between exergonic and endergonic reactions?

Answer 34

Exergonic reactions release free energy; endergonic reactions require free energy.

Question 35

What does the 1st law of thermodynamics state?

Answer 35

Energy is transformed in biological systems; no energy created/destroyed.

Question 36

What does the 2nd law of thermodynamics imply about biological systems?

Answer 36

Systems trend toward increased disorder (entropy).

Question 37

What are exergonic reactions characterized by?

Answer 37

Release free energy (negative ΔG).

Question 38

What are endergonic reactions characterized by?

Answer 38

Require input of free energy (positive ΔG).

Question 39

Where do light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur?

Answer 39

In thylakoid membranes.

Question 40

What are the main products of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

Answer 40

* ATP * NADPH * O₂

Question 41

Where does the Calvin cycle occur?

Answer 41

In the stroma.

Question 42

What does the Calvin cycle use to produce sugars?

Answer 42

* ATP * NADPH * CO₂

Question 43

What is produced in glycolysis?

Answer 43

* 2 ATP (net) * 2 NADH * 2 pyruvate

Question 44

What is produced during pyruvate oxidation?

Answer 44

* 2 Acetyl-CoA * 2 CO₂ * 2 NADH

Question 45

What is produced in the Citric Acid Cycle?

Answer 45

* 2 ATP * 6 NADH * 2 FADH₂ * 4 CO₂

Question 46

What is produced in the Electron Transport Chain?

Answer 46

* 32-34 ATP * H₂O (from O₂)

Question 47

What is the central dogma of biology?

Answer 47

DNA → mRNA → protein.

Question 48

What is the function of tRNA in translation?

Answer 48

Matches codon and delivers amino acids.

Question 49

Define fermentation.

Answer 49

Anaerobic process regenerating NAD⁺ for glycolysis.

Question 50

What are the two types of fermentation?

Answer 50

* Alcohol Fermentation * Lactic Acid Fermentation

Question 51

Write the balanced equation for photosynthesis.

Answer 51

6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

Question 52

List the benefits of photosynthesis.

Answer 52

* Oxygen production * Food (primary producers) * Medicine (e.g., aspirin) * Materials (wood, cotton)

Question 53

What is the Fluid Mosaic Model?

Answer 53

Phospholipid bilayer with cholesterol and glycoproteins.

Question 54

What types of transport are there?

Answer 54

* Passive transport * Active transport * Bulk transport

Question 55

What occurs in a hypertonic solution regarding plant cells?

Answer 55

Plasmolysis.

Question 56

What occurs in a hypotonic solution regarding plant cells?

Answer 56

Turgidity.

Question 57

What reduces activation energy in enzymatic reactions?

Answer 57

Enzymes.

Question 58

What is denaturation?

Answer 58

Irreversible unfolding of proteins.

Question 59

What binds to an enzyme's allosteric site?

Answer 59

Non-competitive inhibitor.

Question 60

What does the sodium-potassium pump use?

Answer 60

Active transport.

Question 61

Which phase of aerobic respiration produces the most ATP?

Answer 61

Electron Transport Chain (32-34 ATP).

Question 62

Alcohol fermentation produces ______.

Answer 62

Ethanol + CO₂.

Question 63

A plant cell in saltwater undergoes ______.

Answer 63

Plasmolysis.

Question 64

What is the role of ribosomes in protein synthesis?

Answer 64

Link amino acids via peptide bonds during translation.