Exam 2 Review Flashcards
(130 cards)
1
Q
What is the nervous system broken down into?
A
CNS and PNS
2
Q
What is the CNS made up of?
A
Brain and Spinal Cord
3
Q
What is the PNS made up of?
A
Somatic and autonomic nervous system
4
Q
What does the Somatic Nervous System contain?
A
Contains afferent and efferent nerves
5
Q
Autonomic Nervous System
A
Parasympathetic and Sympathetic nervous system
6
Q
What does the PNS handle in the CNS?
A
The CNS’s input and output
7
Q
Somatic Nervous System
A
Handles voluntary skeletal muscles and sensory receptors
8
Q
Sympathetic Nervous System
A
Output of energy
9
Q
Parasympathetic Nervous System
A
Helps the body conserve energy
10
Q
What does the CNS do?
A
Receives, stores, processes, and interprets energy both internally and externally
11
Q
Meninges
A
Enclosing sheaths that go around the brain and spinal cord
12
Q
What 3 main parts of the brain make up the hindbrain?
A
Medulla, pons, and cerebellum
13
Q
What does the medulla control?
A
Unconscious functions
14
Q
What is the pons function?
A
Sleep and arousal
15
Q
What is the cerebellums function?
A
Fine muscle movement and balance
16
Q
What does the midbrain control?
A
Sensory processes such as hearing and seeing
17
Q
What does the reticular formation control?
A
Sleep and arousal
18
Q
What is the largest and most complex region of the brain?
A
Forebrain
19
Q
What makes up the forebrain?
A
Thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, and cerebrum
20
Q
What is the thalamus’s primary function?
A
Relay center for sensory information
21
Q
What is the hypothalamus’s primary function?
A
Regulates basic biological needs such as eating, thirst, temp control, etc.
22
Q
What is the amygdala’s primary function?
A
Emotions and fear which can lead to fight or flight
23
Q
What is the cerebrum’s primary function?
A
Sensing, thinking, and learning
24
Q
What 3 parts make up the cerebrum?
A
Cerebral cortex, left and right hemisphere
25
Corpus Callosum
Connects the left and right hemispheres
26
Cerebral Cortex
Outer layer of the cerebrum
27
What does the Left Hemisphere control?
Verbal processing
28
What is the Brocas Area's function?
Speech production
29
What is Right Hemisphere's function?
Nonverbal and spatial thinking
29
What is the Wernickes Area's function?
Language comprehension
30
What are the 4 lobes of the brain?
Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
31
Function of the occiptial lobe?
Vision
32
Function of the Frontal lobe?
Executive and motor control
33
Function of the parietal lobe?
Somatosensory (touch, pain, warmth)
34
Function of the temproal lobe?
Autotory
35
Which is the last lobe to develope?
Frontal
36
What does your brain do to the extra synapses you are born with?
Gets rid of them, also known as pruning
37
When do mens brains stop developing?
28
38
When do womens brains stop developing?
25
39
What did studies show about London taxi drivers?
They have larger hippocampi than an average person because they had to memorize the cities layout
40
What is plasticity and is it more abundant in younger or older brains?
Plasticity means the brain is moldable or changeable and younger brains have more plasticity
41
What are the basic units of the nervous system?
Neurons
42
What are neurons made up of?
Cell body, dendrites, and an axon
43
What are the dendrites function?
To receive information through neurotransmitters
44
What is the Cell Body's function?
To keep the neurons alive and do their basic tasks
45
What is the Axon's function?
Transmits information out of the cell
46
What is the Myelin Sheaths function and what is it made up of?
The sheath is made up of glial cells and nodes across it that help speed up the transferring of information
47
What does Multiple Sclerosis do?
Destroys the Myelin Sheath
48
What is Action Potential?
Electrical impulses that travel along the axon and they are either activated or not at 200mph
49
What are Terminal Buttons?
The things at the end of the dendrites and they don't touch the ending of the next nerve
50
What is the synapse made up of in order of information trasnfer?
Terminal button, dendrite, synaptic cleft
51
What are Neurotransmitters?
Chemical information that is sent through the synapse
52
What catches the neurotransmitters?
Synaptic Vesicles
53
What is Lock and Key Fashion?
Certain neurotransmitters will only fit into receptor sites if it has an available one that fits
54
What is Reuptake?
When and axon terminal acts like a sponge and takes back the neurotransmitters
55
What are endorphins?
The feel good neurotransmitters
56
What neurotransmitters get released when you take drugs?
Endorphins
57
What do drugs also prevent?
They prevent reuptake and leave the neurotransmitters bouncing around between the synapse
58
Main cause of death on MDMA (Molly)?
Hyperthemia, which is when the organs overheat
59
Short term damage of Molly?
Suicide Tuesday, which is when your body gets full of serotonin and reuptake is inhibited and then your body stops producing serotonin leaving you depressed the next day
60
How do hormones differ from neurotransmitters?
Hormones are transmitted through the blood
61
Genes shape biology but do they shape behavior?
Yes but its a predisposition
62
How much DNA do identical twins share?
100%
63
How much DNA do fraternal twins or siblings to parents share?
50%
64
How much DNA do grandparents and grandchildren share?
25%
65
True or False. Each half of the brain has its own special mode of thinking.
True
66
True or False. Some people are left-brained while others are right-brained.
False
67
True or False. The two hemispheres of the brain are specialized to handle different cognitive functions.
True
68
What are Family Studies?
Examining blood relatives to see how much they are alike to one another
69
What percent of the population has schizophrenia?
1%
70
If you have schizophrenia what percent chance does your brother have of having it?
9%
71
What are Twin Studies
Comparing identical vs fraternal twins
72
What are Adoption Studies?
Taking someone who was adopted as a baby and comparing them with their biological and adopted parents to see who they are more alike
73
What percent of an adopted kids IQ comes from their biological and adopted paretns?
50/50
74
Which set of parents does an adopted kids chance of addiction depend more on?
Biological
75
What is anticipation?
Worrying about something ahead of time
76
What is appraisal?
Some people looking at things as being more
77
What does it mean to Catastrophize?
To make a smaller problem bigger
78
What does it mean to overgeneralize?
Start with a small specific problem like failing a paper and then thinking your a loser
79
What does Acute mean?
Short with a clear endpoint
80
What does Chronic mean?
Long with no apparent time limit
81
What tends to be more stressful predictable or unpredictable stress?
Unpredictable stress is even if its less common
82
4 main types of stress
Frustration, conflict, change, and pressure
83
Frustration
Blocked goal
84
Conflict
2 or more incompatible motivation
85
Change
Different living circumstances
86
Pressure
To conform
87
What did Hans Selye do?
Injected rats with saline and hormones
88
What is the General Adaption Syndrome?
Bodies physiological representation of stress
89
What are the 3 physiological responses?
Alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
90
Alarm
Fight or Flight
91
Resistance
Body thinks its adapting but its not because heart rate is still up
92
Exhaustion
Bodies resources are depleated and the body is working against itself
93
What is a type A person?
Strongly competitive, impatient, and hostile
94
What is a type B person?
Not competitive, impatient, or hostile
95
Yerkes Dodson Curve
Medium stress is the best for highest performance and low and high stress are bad
96
Learned Helplessness
A mental state where someone is unable or unwilling to avoid a situation that is unpleasant or painful, even when they could
97
Counsciousness
Aware of your surroundings
98
Circadian Rhythm
The 24 hour biological cycle
99
Hypnosis
Systematic procedure that typically produces a heightened state of susceptibility.
100
Dissociation
Splitting off of mental processes into two separate and simultaneous streams of awareness.
101
Meditation
A family of practices that train attention to heighten awareness and bring mental processes under greater voluntary control.
102
What is the psychological pathway of the biological clock?
Light levels, retina, SCN of the hypothalamus, pineal gland, secretes melatonin
103
What happens to the levels of melatonin when light goes down?
Melatonin gets produced more
104
What are the best sleeping times and conditions?
Go to bed and wake up within an hour of the same time everyday, and sleep like a bat in a dark and cold enviornment
105
Types of brain waves
Beta, Alpha, Theta, Delta
106
Beta Waves
Normal waking
107
Alpha Waves
Deep relaxation
108
Theta Waves
Light sleep
109
Delta Waves
Deep sleep
110
Stage 1 of sleep
About 1-10 minutes, very brief, and hypnic jerks
111
Stage 2 of sleep
About 10-25 minutes, sleep spindles
112
Stage 3-4 of sleep
About 30 minutes, slow and delta waves
113
REM Stage
Most vivid dreams and brain is awake but body is asleep
114
What happens to the REM cycles as the night goes on?
The REM cycles get longer
115
How long does it take to complete a sleep cycle?
90 minutes
116
When do nightmares tend to occur?
Later in the night during REM sleep
117
When does sleep walking occur?
Deep sleep
118
What are some benefits of sleep?
Prevents obesity, helps strengthen synapses, and neurogenesis
119
What is neurogenesis?
The creation of more neurons
120
What is sensation?
The stimulation of sense organs
121
What is perception?
The orginization of sensory input
122
Sensory adaptation
A decline in sensitivity after prolounged exposure to something
123
Peak end Rule
Customers will remember an experience by the ''peak'' and ''end'' moments of that experience, whether positive or negative.
124
Binocular depth cues
Based on the distance between the two views of the eyes
125
Motion Parallax
Things that are closer go by faster and things that are farther go by slower
126
Agression
Any behavior that is intended to hurt someone physically or mentally
127
Reversible Figure
Drawing that is compatible with two different interpretations that can shift back and forth
128
Perceptual Set
Readiness to perceive a stimulus in a particular way
129
Inattentional blindness
The failure to see fully visible objects or events in a visual display because ones attention is focused elsewhere
