Exam 2 Review Flashcards
What is the nervous system broken down into?
CNS and PNS
What is the CNS made up of?
Brain and Spinal Cord
What is the PNS made up of?
Somatic and autonomic nervous system
What does the Somatic Nervous System contain?
Contains afferent and efferent nerves
Autonomic Nervous System
Parasympathetic and Sympathetic nervous system
What does the PNS handle in the CNS?
The CNS’s input and output
Somatic Nervous System
Handles voluntary skeletal muscles and sensory receptors
Sympathetic Nervous System
Output of energy
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Helps the body conserve energy
What does the CNS do?
Receives, stores, processes, and interprets energy both internally and externally
Meninges
Enclosing sheaths that go around the brain and spinal cord
What 3 main parts of the brain make up the hindbrain?
Medulla, pons, and cerebellum
What does the medulla control?
Unconscious functions
What is the pons function?
Sleep and arousal
What is the cerebellums function?
Fine muscle movement and balance
What does the midbrain control?
Sensory processes such as hearing and seeing
What does the reticular formation control?
Sleep and arousal
What is the largest and most complex region of the brain?
Forebrain
What makes up the forebrain?
Thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, and cerebrum
What is the thalamus’s primary function?
Relay center for sensory information
What is the hypothalamus’s primary function?
Regulates basic biological needs such as eating, thirst, temp control, etc.
What is the amygdala’s primary function?
Emotions and fear which can lead to fight or flight
What is the cerebrum’s primary function?
Sensing, thinking, and learning
What 3 parts make up the cerebrum?
Cerebral cortex, left and right hemisphere
Corpus Callosum
Connects the left and right hemispheres
Cerebral Cortex
Outer layer of the cerebrum
What does the Left Hemisphere control?
Verbal processing
What is the Brocas Area’s function?
Speech production
What is Right Hemisphere’s function?
Nonverbal and spatial thinking
What is the Wernickes Area’s function?
Language comprehension
What are the 4 lobes of the brain?
Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
Function of the occiptial lobe?
Vision
Function of the Frontal lobe?
Executive and motor control
Function of the parietal lobe?
Somatosensory (touch, pain, warmth)
Function of the temproal lobe?
Autotory
Which is the last lobe to develope?
Frontal
What does your brain do to the extra synapses you are born with?
Gets rid of them, also known as pruning
When do mens brains stop developing?
28
When do womens brains stop developing?
25
What did studies show about London taxi drivers?
They have larger hippocampi than an average person because they had to memorize the cities layout
What is plasticity and is it more abundant in younger or older brains?
Plasticity means the brain is moldable or changeable and younger brains have more plasticity
What are the basic units of the nervous system?
Neurons
What are neurons made up of?
Cell body, dendrites, and an axon
What are the dendrites function?
To receive information through neurotransmitters
What is the Cell Body’s function?
To keep the neurons alive and do their basic tasks
What is the Axon’s function?
Transmits information out of the cell
What is the Myelin Sheaths function and what is it made up of?
The sheath is made up of glial cells and nodes across it that help speed up the transferring of information
What does Multiple Sclerosis do?
Destroys the Myelin Sheath
What is Action Potential?
Electrical impulses that travel along the axon and they are either activated or not at 200mph
What are Terminal Buttons?
The things at the end of the dendrites and they don’t touch the ending of the next nerve
What is the synapse made up of in order of information trasnfer?
Terminal button, dendrite, synaptic cleft
What are Neurotransmitters?
Chemical information that is sent through the synapse
What catches the neurotransmitters?
Synaptic Vesicles
What is Lock and Key Fashion?
Certain neurotransmitters will only fit into receptor sites if it has an available one that fits
What is Reuptake?
When and axon terminal acts like a sponge and takes back the neurotransmitters
What are endorphins?
The feel good neurotransmitters
What neurotransmitters get released when you take drugs?
Endorphins
What do drugs also prevent?
They prevent reuptake and leave the neurotransmitters bouncing around between the synapse
Main cause of death on MDMA (Molly)?
Hyperthemia, which is when the organs overheat
Short term damage of Molly?
Suicide Tuesday, which is when your body gets full of serotonin and reuptake is inhibited and then your body stops producing serotonin leaving you depressed the next day
How do hormones differ from neurotransmitters?
Hormones are transmitted through the blood
Genes shape biology but do they shape behavior?
Yes but its a predisposition
How much DNA do identical twins share?
100%
How much DNA do fraternal twins or siblings to parents share?
50%
How much DNA do grandparents and grandchildren share?
25%
True or False. Each half of the brain has its own special mode of thinking.
True
True or False. Some people are left-brained while others are right-brained.
False
True or False. The two hemispheres of the brain are specialized to handle different cognitive functions.
True
What are Family Studies?
Examining blood relatives to see how much they are alike to one another
What percent of the population has schizophrenia?
1%
If you have schizophrenia what percent chance does your brother have of having it?
9%
What are Twin Studies
Comparing identical vs fraternal twins
What are Adoption Studies?
Taking someone who was adopted as a baby and comparing them with their biological and adopted parents to see who they are more alike
What percent of an adopted kids IQ comes from their biological and adopted paretns?
50/50
Which set of parents does an adopted kids chance of addiction depend more on?
Biological
What is anticipation?
Worrying about something ahead of time
What is appraisal?
Some people looking at things as being more
What does it mean to Catastrophize?
To make a smaller problem bigger
What does it mean to overgeneralize?
Start with a small specific problem like failing a paper and then thinking your a loser
What does Acute mean?
Short with a clear endpoint
What does Chronic mean?
Long with no apparent time limit
What tends to be more stressful predictable or unpredictable stress?
Unpredictable stress is even if its less common
4 main types of stress
Frustration, conflict, change, and pressure
Frustration
Blocked goal
Conflict
2 or more incompatible motivation
Change
Different living circumstances
Pressure
To conform
What did Hans Selye do?
Injected rats with saline and hormones
What is the General Adaption Syndrome?
Bodies physiological representation of stress
What are the 3 physiological responses?
Alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
Alarm
Fight or Flight
Resistance
Body thinks its adapting but its not because heart rate is still up
Exhaustion
Bodies resources are depleated and the body is working against itself
What is a type A person?
Strongly competitive, impatient, and hostile
What is a type B person?
Not competitive, impatient, or hostile
Yerkes Dodson Curve
Medium stress is the best for highest performance and low and high stress are bad
Learned Helplessness
A mental state where someone is unable or unwilling to avoid a situation that is unpleasant or painful, even when they could
Counsciousness
Aware of your surroundings
Circadian Rhythm
The 24 hour biological cycle
Hypnosis
Systematic procedure that typically produces a heightened state of susceptibility.
Dissociation
Splitting off of mental processes into two separate and simultaneous streams of awareness.
Meditation
A family of practices that train attention to heighten awareness and bring mental processes under greater voluntary control.
What is the psychological pathway of the biological clock?
Light levels, retina, SCN of the hypothalamus, pineal gland, secretes melatonin
What happens to the levels of melatonin when light goes down?
Melatonin gets produced more
What are the best sleeping times and conditions?
Go to bed and wake up within an hour of the same time everyday, and sleep like a bat in a dark and cold enviornment
Types of brain waves
Beta, Alpha, Theta, Delta
Beta Waves
Normal waking
Alpha Waves
Deep relaxation
Theta Waves
Light sleep
Delta Waves
Deep sleep
Stage 1 of sleep
About 1-10 minutes, very brief, and hypnic jerks
Stage 2 of sleep
About 10-25 minutes, sleep spindles
Stage 3-4 of sleep
About 30 minutes, slow and delta waves
REM Stage
Most vivid dreams and brain is awake but body is asleep
What happens to the REM cycles as the night goes on?
The REM cycles get longer
How long does it take to complete a sleep cycle?
90 minutes
When do nightmares tend to occur?
Later in the night during REM sleep
When does sleep walking occur?
Deep sleep
What are some benefits of sleep?
Prevents obesity, helps strengthen synapses, and neurogenesis
What is neurogenesis?
The creation of more neurons
What is sensation?
The stimulation of sense organs
What is perception?
The orginization of sensory input
Sensory adaptation
A decline in sensitivity after prolounged exposure to something
Peak end Rule
Customers will remember an experience by the ‘‘peak’’ and ‘‘end’’ moments of that experience, whether positive or negative.
Binocular depth cues
Based on the distance between the two views of the eyes
Motion Parallax
Things that are closer go by faster and things that are farther go by slower
Agression
Any behavior that is intended to hurt someone physically or mentally
Reversible Figure
Drawing that is compatible with two different interpretations that can shift back and forth
Perceptual Set
Readiness to perceive a stimulus in a particular way
Inattentional blindness
The failure to see fully visible objects or events in a visual display because ones attention is focused elsewhere
