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SOCI 101 > Exam 2 Review > Flashcards

Exam 2 Review Flashcards

1
Q

a society’s shared understand of what is right and wrong

A

Collective Effervescence

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2
Q

sociologist who defined deviance and identified steps in which people become deviant (socialization)

A

Howard Becker

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3
Q

Behaviors and beliefs that violate social expectations and attract negative sanctions

A

Deviance

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4
Q

the instance of deviance that first attracts a deviant label

A

Primary Deviance

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5
Q

further instances of deviance prompted by the receipt of the deviant label

A

secondary deviance

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6
Q

a renegotiation of social rules- the deviance becoming routine

A

Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571

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7
Q

collectively defining physical traits or social contitions as an illness

A

Medicalization

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8
Q

collectively defining a trait or condition as criminal

A

criminalization

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9
Q

the process by which physical traits or social conditions become widely devalued

A

stigmatization

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10
Q

the idea that deviance is caused by a tension between widely valued goals and people’s ability to attain them

A

strain theory

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11
Q

Rebellion, retreatism, and innovation

A

Merton’s Deviance Typology

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12
Q

the idea that we need to be recruited into and taught criminal behavior by the people in our social networks

A

Differential Association Theory

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13
Q

the idea that deviance is facilitated by the development of culturally resonant rationales for rule breaking

A

Neutralization Theory

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14
Q

the idea that deviance is more common in dysfunctional neighborhoods

A

Social Disorganization Theory

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15
Q

the idea that labels that are applied to us influence our behavior

A

labeling theory

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16
Q

structural functionalist- believes that society is a system of necessary, synchronized parts that work together to create social stability. Notes that deviance is an important part of social change. It’s proof that social rules can be broken. Durkheim believes that deviance serves an essential function to give people an occasion to join together, condemn rule-breaking, and hold up the social rule.

A

Durkheim’s view on deviance

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17
Q

a society’s shared understanding of right and wrong

A

collective conscious

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18
Q

widespread normlessness or a waking of alienation from social rules

A

anomie

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19
Q

the strength of relationships and the sense of solidarity among members of a community

A

social cohesion

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20
Q

structures and the stability that they produce, function

A

components of structural functionalism

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21
Q

who made the argument that we can’t understand black people’s lives without also understanding black women’s lives

A

Anna Julia Cooper

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22
Q

who is the author of the yellow wallpaper, sexist society’s impact on white women

A

Charlette Perkins Gilman

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23
Q

occurs when two or more people oppose each other in social interaction, and each exerts social power

A

social conflict

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24
Q

a condition in which wealth, power, and prestige are most readily available to people with privileged social identities

A

social inequality

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25
Q

the idea the societies aren’t characterized by shared interests but by competing ones

A

conflict theory

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26
Q

a research month that involves inviting individuals to complete a questionnaire designed to college analyzable date

A

surveys

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27
Q

the subset of the population from which data will be collected

A

sample

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28
Q

a term used to describe data that are applicable to the whole population from which the sample is drawn, not just to the sample itself

A

generalizability

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29
Q

large territories governed by centralized powers that grant or deny citizenship rights

A

Nation States

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30
Q

when society is industrialized it is considered to be (blank) or it can be defined as people living together in current time

A

Modern Society

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31
Q

formal entities that coordinate collections of people in achieving a state purpose

A

social organization

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32
Q

complicated tasks broken down into smaller parts and distributed to individuals who specialize in narrow roles

A

division of labor

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33
Q

organizations with formal policies, strict hierarchies, and impersonal relations

A

bureaucracies

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34
Q

pre-modern, modern, post-modern

A

Modes of thought

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35
Q

a belief in supernatural sources of truth and a commitment to traditional practices

A

Pre-modern Thought

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36
Q

the kind of authority that comes from culture

A

Traditional Authority

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37
Q

a belief in sciences as the soul sources of truth and the idea that humans can rationally organize societies and improved human life

A

Modern Thought

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38
Q

derived from logical principles

A

Rational legal Authority

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39
Q

the process of embracing reason and using it to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of human activities

A

Weber’s idea of Rationalization

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40
Q

a rejection of absolute truth in favor of countless partial truths and a denunciation of the narrative of progress

A

Postmodern Thought

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41
Q

a segment of the labor market in which companies contract with individuals to complete one short-term job at a time

A

gig work

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42
Q

widespread and enduring patterns of interaction with which we respond to categories of human need

A

social institutions

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43
Q

shared ideas about how life should be organized

A

ideologies

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44
Q

the entire set of interlocking social institutions in which we live

A

social structure

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45
Q

the features of our lives that determine our mix of opportunities and constraints

A

structural position

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46
Q

widespread and enduring practices that persistently disadvantage some kinds of people while advantaging others

A

institutional discrimination

47
Q

a persistent sorting of social groups into enduring hierarchies

A

social stratification

48
Q

individuals who are well served by social institutions

A

advantage

49
Q

individuals who are well-served by social institutions

A

advantage

50
Q

individuals who are neglected or harmed by social institutions

A

disadvantage

51
Q

mean, median, mode

A

measure of central tendency

52
Q

the resources we used to get thing we want and need

A

capital

53
Q

financial resources that are or can be converted into money

A

economic capital

54
Q

refers to money sitting in the bank and ownership of economic assets, minus debts

A

wealth

55
Q

refers to steady sources of money

A

income

56
Q

the minority of people who control a disproportionate amount of wealth

A

economic elite

57
Q

class, caste, feudal, enslavement

A

systems of stratification

58
Q

system of stratification that sorts people into different positions in an economic hierarchy but also allow them to rise or fall

A

class

59
Q

a system of stratification in which people stay in whatever level of stratified society they were born into and they pass their status down generationally

A

caste

60
Q

a system of stratification in which the rich and powerful individuals born into nobility reigned over a peasant class

A

feudal

61
Q

opportunity to move up or down in the economic hierarchy

A

Social Mobility

62
Q

an economic system based on private ownership of the resources used to create wealth and the right of individuals to personally profit

A

Capitalism

63
Q

cash payments given to workers in exchange for their labor

A

wage

64
Q

German social scientist who examined capitalism

A

Karl Max

65
Q

a class of people who employ workers

A

bourgeoise

66
Q

a class of people who are employed by others and work for a wage

A

proletariat

67
Q

resources that can be used to create wealth

A

means of production

68
Q

the feeling of dissatisfaction and disconnection from the fruits of ones labor

A

alienation

69
Q

a coming catastrophic implosion from which capitalism would never recover

A

crisis of capitalism

70
Q

an understand that members of a social class share economic interests

A

class consciousness

71
Q

an economic system based on shared ownership of the resources used to create wealth that is then distributed by governments for the enrichment of all

A

Socialism

72
Q

a capitalist system with little or no government regulation

A

Free market capitalism

73
Q

associations that organize workers so they can negotiate with their employers as a group instead of individuals

A

Labor Unions

74
Q

a patchwork of programs intended to ensure that the most economically vulnerable do not go without basic necessities like food, clothing, and shelter

A

Social Safety Net

75
Q

a capitalist economic system with some socialist policy aimed at distributing the profits of capitalism more evenly across the population

A

Welfare Capitalism

76
Q

a system of financial support for the elderly, poor, children, people with disabilities, and unemployed

A

Social Security Act of 1935

77
Q

widespread and enduring practices that persistently disadvantage some kinds of people while advantaging others

A

Institutional Discrimination

78
Q

a term that refers to a society’s production of unjust outcomes for some racial or ethnic groups

A

Racism

79
Q

the sorting different types of people into separate neighborhoods

A

Residential Segregation

80
Q

residential segregation so extreme that many people’s daily lives involve little or no contact with people of other races

A

Hyper segregation

81
Q

organized white resistance to integration

A

white fight

82
Q

a phenomenon in which white people start leaving a neighborhood when minority residents begin to move in

A

white flight

83
Q

places that lack beneficial or critical amenities; service deserts, food deserts, health-care deserts, green deserts, transit deserts, care deserts

A

Types of resources deserts

84
Q

a research method in which data are layered onto a landscape divided into fine-grained segments

A

Spatial Analysis

85
Q

the practice of exposing racial and ethnic minorities to more toxins and pollutants than white people

A

Environmental Racism

86
Q

inequalities within education

A

Inequitable Educations

87
Q

disparities in the academic accomplishments of different kinds of students

A

Achievement Gaps

88
Q

the practice of placing students in different classrooms according to their perceived ability

A

Tracking

89
Q

a practice of disciplining and punishing children and youth in school that routs them out of education and into the criminal justice system

A

School-to-Prison Bias

90
Q

a phenomenon in which people are positively or negatively serves across multiple institutions

A

cross-institutional advantage and disadvantage

91
Q

advantage or disadvantage that builds over the life course

A

cumulative advantage and disadvantage

92
Q

advantage or disadvantage that is passed from parents to children

A

intergenerational advantage and disadvantage

93
Q

a model of marriage in which women and children are owned by men

A

patriarch/property marriage

94
Q

a model of marriage that involved a wage-earning spouse supporting a stay-at-home spouse and children

A

breadwinner/ homemaker marriage

95
Q

the idea that the home is a feminine space best tended by women and work is a masculine space best suited to men

A

Ideology of Separate Spheres

96
Q

promoting childbearing and stigmatizing choosing to go child-free

A

Pro-natal

97
Q

a relationship model based on love and companionship between equals

A

Partnership Unions

98
Q

the production of unjust outcomes for people perceived to be biologically female

A

Sexism

99
Q

the production of unjust outcomes for people who perform femininity

A

Androcentrism

100
Q

the form of masculinity that constitutes the most widely admired and rewarded kind of person in any given culture

A

Hegemonic Masculinity

101
Q

the unpaid work of housekeeping and childcare that faces family members do once they return home from their paid jobs

A

Second Shift

102
Q

the idea that an employee should devote themselves to their jobs wholly and without the distraction of family responsibilities

A

Ideal Worker Norm

103
Q

an arrangement in which both partners do an equal share of paid and unpaid work

A

Shared Division of Labor

104
Q

an arrangement in which one partner does more paid work than childcare and housework, and the other does the inverse

A

Specialized Division of Labor

105
Q

a research method in which participants are asked to self-report their actives at regular intervals over at least twenty-four hours

A

Time-use Diary

106
Q

the idea that children require concentrated maternal investment

A

Ideology of Intensive Motherhood

107
Q

a concentration of women, trans women, gay, bisexual and gender nonconforming men at the bottom of the income scale and a concentration of gender-conforming heterosexual cisgender men at the top

A

Feminization of Poverty

108
Q

an invisible ride to the top offered to men in female-dominated fields

A

glass escalator

109
Q

the sorting of people with different social identities into separate occupations

A

job segregation

110
Q

a positive correlation between the number of men in an occupation relative to women and the wages paid to employees

A

androcentric pay scale

111
Q

a phenomenon in which men start abandoning an activity when women start adopting it

A

male flight

112
Q

a sweeping change in gender relations that started but has yet to be fully realized

A

stalled revolution

113
Q

a situation whereby women have more freedom than men but less power and men have more power than women but less freedom

A

freedom/power paradox

SOCI 101 (1 decks)

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