Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology SI :) > Exam 2 Review > Flashcards

Exam 2 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Anabolism

A

Biosynthetic reactions.

These “build up” molecules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Catabolism

A

Breakdown reactions.

(usually) produce energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Oxidation

A

Remove electrons (H atoms).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Reduction

A

Gain of electrons (H atoms).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Exergonic

A

Produce energy.

e.g. respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Endergonic

A

Energy input required.

e.g. photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the three mechanisms for generating ATP?

A

Substrate level phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation
Photophosphorylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The steps of biofilm production.

A
  1. Motile cell adheres to surface, loses motility.
  2. Growth
  3. Maturation of colony, where many species can grow and reproduce.
  4. Dispersion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define Quorum sensing

A

A regulatory process wherein an inducer molecule must reach a concentration threshold before pathogenic exotoxins will be produced by bacterial colonies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the steps of quorum sensing?

A

1) Produce inducer molecules
2) Inducers accumulate
3) Inducers reach critical density
4) Inducer stimulates gene expression.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A
  • Determines bacteria shape
  • Strong structural support
  • Point of anchorage for flagella
  • Contribution to disease (Gram Negative Bacteria - Lipopolysaccarides)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Mycobacterium species have what type of cell wall?

A

Mycolic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Define pleomorphic.

A

Ability to assume various shapes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Nocardia are a soil bacteria that can potentially be pathogenic. What type of cell wall do they have?

A

Mycolic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Gram negative bacteria have LPS (lipopolysaccharides) that are also what kind of toxin?

A

Endotoxin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the steps of sporogenesis/sporulation?

A

1) Newly replicated bacterial chromosome
isolated by in growth of plasma membrane
2) Spore septum becomes double layered
membrane-forespore
3) Thick layer of peptidoglycan laid down
between 2 membrane layers
4) Thick spore coat forms around outside
membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why does a spore form?

A

The cell lacks nutrients and water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the cell membrane composed of?

What is it’s function?

A

It is composed of phospholipids and proteins. The proteins can be peripheral (found on one side) or integral (found on both sides).

It controls passage of nutrients and metabolic wastes.
Also contains enzyme systems to carry out photosynthesis and respiration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where is the mesosome and what might its functions be?

A
  • Unknown function
  • Could be an artifact of the electron microscope
  • Increased surface area so more reactions can occur
  • Attachment site for chromosomes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the main difference you need to know between mycoplasmas and mycobacterium?

A

Mycobacterium have mycolic acid for the cell wall.

Mycoplasmas have no cell wall.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where does glycolysis occur in prokaryotic cells?

A

In the cytoplasm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where does glycolysis occur in eukaryotic cells?

A

In the cytoplasm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where does the Kreb’s cycle occur in prokaryotic cells?

A

In the cytoplasm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where does the Kreb’s cycle occur in eukaryotes?

A

Mitochondrial matrix.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Where does the ETC occur in prokaryotic cells?

A

The cell membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Where does the ETC occur in eukaryotic cells?

A

In the cristae of the mitochondria.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How many total ATP are produced in aerobic respiration for prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes = 38 ATP

Eukaryotes = 36 ATP

27
Q

One pyruvate in glycolysis produces how many ATP?

A

One pyruvate in glycolysis produces 2 ATP.

28
Q

What is the net gain of ATP and NADH from glycolysis?

A

2 ATP and 2 NADH

29
Q

One pyruvate in the Kreb’s cycle produces how many ATP, NADH, and FADH? What is the net gain?

A

One pyruvate = 1ATP, 4 NADH, and 1 FADH.

Net gain = 2 ATP, 8 NADH, and 2 FADH.

30
Q

What is the final electron carrier that passes the electrons to oxygen to make water for the aerobic respiration pathway?

A

Cytochrome oxidase

31
Q

What are the three pathways in the breakdown of glucose?

A

Aerobic respiration
Fermentation
Anaerobic respiration

32
Q

What are the steps in the breakdown of glucose?

A

Glycolysis
Kreb’s cycle
ETC

33
Q

Fermentation uses what step(s)?

A

Glycolysis

34
Q

Anaerobic respiration uses what step(s)?

A

All three - glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle and ETC.

35
Q

What is the final electron carrier for anaerobic respiration?

A

Inorganic salt

such as sulfate or nitrate.

36
Q

What is the final electron carrier of the fermentation pathway?

A

Organic compound

Meaning a carbon containing compound

37
Q

How much energy is produced from the fermentation pathway?

A

2 ATP

38
Q

How much energy is produced from the anaerobic respiration pathway?

A

Between 2 and 36 ATP.

39
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of the Plate Count method?

A

Pros: Counts viable cells

Cons: Labor intense
Requires equipment
Takes time for cells to grow

40
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of the Filtration method?

A

Pros: Can be used for sparse samples

Cons: Takes time for cells to grow
Only useful for sparse samples

41
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of the Direct Microscope method?

A

Pros: Counts viable cells
Same day results

Cons: Labor intense
Takes time
Can’t count motile bacteria

42
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of the Turbidity method?

A

Pros: Same day results

Con: Counts dead and living cells

43
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of the metabolic activity method?

A

Pros: tells you if cells are present

Cons: qualitative, not quantitative

44
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of the dry weight method?

A

Pros: none.

Cons: qualitative not quantitative.

45
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of the Automatic Cell Counting method?

A

Pros: Same day results

Cons: Counts living and dead cells.
Is expensive.

46
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of the Flow Cytometry method?

A

Pros: Sorts the cells.
Can work on chromosomes.
Time saving.

Cons: Is expensive.

47
Q

This theory states that bacteria formed symbiotic relationships with eukaryotes.

A

Endosymbiotic Theory

48
Q

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a toxic form of oxygen that can be destroyed by two enzymes. What are they?

A

Peroxidase

Catalase

49
Q

Superoxide free radical is a toxic form of oxygen that can be destroyed by what enzyme?

A

Superoxide dismutase

50
Q

Name the enzyme that binds free iron in the blood stream.

A

Transferrin.

51
Q

The diphtheria toxin is encoded by what?

A

A bacteriophage (AKA a bacterial virus).

52
Q

Mesophiles live in what temperature?

A

Middle (room temp)

53
Q

Psychrophiles live in what temperature?

A

Cold

54
Q

Thermophiles live in what temperature?

A

Greater than 50 C

55
Q

Thermoduric bacteria are also

A

Spore formers. They can withstand high temperatures.

56
Q

Where on the pH scale are acidophiles, alkalinophiles, and neutrophiles?

A

pH
14 - Alkalinophiles
Neutral (7) - Neutrophiles
0 - Acidophiles

57
Q

What are the three types of Anthrax that can result based off of how it enters the body?

A

Cutaneous

Gastrointestinal

Inhalational

58
Q

What is the gram reaction of anthrax?

A

Gram positive

59
Q

What is the shape of anthrax?

A

Bacillus (rod)

60
Q

What is the scientific name for the organism that causes Diphtheria?

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

61
Q

Tetanus, diphtheria, cholera and anthrax are all caused by what kind of toxin?

A

Exotoxin

62
Q

What is the scientific name for the organism that causes tetanus?

A

Clostridium tetani

63
Q

What is the name of the diphtheria toxin?

A

Diphtherotoxin

64
Q

What is the name of the tetanus toxin?

A

Tetanospasmin

65
Q

What is the gram stain of Clostridium tetani?

A

Gram positive

Microbiology SI :) (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions