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Cell Bio > Exam 2 Review > Flashcards

Exam 2 Review Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Plants need what to carry out photosynthesis?

A

H20 and CO2

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2
Q

Opening in the leaves through which gases enter and exit are called

A

Stomata

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3
Q

In photosynthesis, oxygen is liberated due to the breakdown of what molecule?

A

H20

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4
Q

True or False: In the first step of the Calvin cycle, the enzyme ribulose biphosphate carboxylate/oxygenase (Rubisco) fixes carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide is added to a 5-carbon compound, which is then hydrolyzed to yield 2 molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate.

A

True

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5
Q

6CO2 + 6H2O + light → C6H12O6 + 6O2, is the equation for:

A

Photosynthesis

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6
Q

Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning mitochondria?

A. The outer mitochondrial membrane is permeable to many molecules through porins

B. Mitochondria code for their own ribosomes and tRNA molecules

C. Mitochondria are surrounded by a thin layer of sugar molecules that prevent entry of unneeded molecules

D. Mitochondria contain a small circular genome that utilizes a unique genetic code

A

C. Mitochondria are surrounded by a thin layer of sugar molecules that prevent entry of unneeded molecules

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7
Q

True or False. Since glycolysis can occur without the presence of oxygen, it can provide energy to the cell even under limiting or stressful conditions

A

True

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8
Q

The first step of glycolysis has a change in free energy that is greater than zero (ΔG > 0) in the forward direction. Which of the following statements describes how this reaction occurs under biological conditions?

A. Heat produced from ATP hydrolysis drives glucose-6-phosphate synthesis

B. The energy of ATP hydrolysis drives the synthesis of glucose-6-phosphate

C. The energy of glucose phosphorylation drives ATP synthesis

D. This reaction is spontaneous

E. None of the responses are correct

A

B. The energy of ATP hydrolysis drives the synthesis of glucose-6-phosphate

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9
Q

How many molecules of ATP are required for glycolysis to be initiated?
How many molecules of ATP are directly formed from one molecule of glucose during glycolysis.

A

2 molecules of ATP are needed for Glycolysis to be initiated

4 molecules of ATP are directly from one molecule of glucose during glycolysis

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10
Q

At the end of glycolysis, the original carbons of the glucose molecule form:

A

Two molecules of Pyruvate

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11
Q

True or False. ATP synthase uses the proton (H+) gradient to drive ATP synthesis. ATP is formed from ADP and Pi in the γ subunit by conformational changes induced by rotation of the β subunits.

A

False. (The γ subunit of ATP synthase rotates to produce conformational changes in the three β units that allow them to bind to ADP and Pi and convert them to ATP.)

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12
Q

Select the true statements regarding the citric acid cycle (more than one answer is correct).

A. The citric acid cycle is an aerobic process

B. The citric acid cycle occurs in the mitochondria

C. In the citric acid cycle, pyruvate is degraded to produce acetyl CoA

D. In the citric acid cycle, two ATP must be utilized to initiate the cycle

A

A. The citric acid cycle is an aerobic process

B. The citric acid cycle occurs in the mitochondria

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13
Q

Which statement is correct regarding the relationship between mitochondrial hydrogen ion concentration and energy storage as ATP during oxidative phosphorylation?

A. Energy is generated as a result of the difference in hydrogen ion concentration between the intermembrane space and the cytoplasm

B. Hydrogen ions cannot freely pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane

C. Oxidative phosphorylation relies on the H+ gradient generated by the electron transport chain

D. A and B

E. A and C

F. B and C

A

B an C: Hydrogen ions cannot freely pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane and Oxidative phosphorylation relies on the H+ gradient generated by the electron transport chain

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14
Q

Electron transfer from NADH to coenzyme Q occurs in what complex during the electron transport chain?

A

Complex 1

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15
Q

True or False. In aerobic respiration, indirect energy is produced by the formation of both NADH and FADH2 during the citric acid cycle.

A

True

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16
Q

Which of the following lists these molecules in order from most permeable to least permeable through a lipid bilayer?

A. Glucose, carbon dioxide, sodium ions, water

B. Carbon dioxide, water, glucose, sodium ion

C. Sodium ions, glucose, water, carbon dioxide

D. water, glucose, carbon dioxide, sodium ions

E. Sodium ions, carbon dioxide, water, glucose

A

B. Carbon dioxide, water, glucose, sodium ion

17
Q

Even though the plasma membrane is relatively permeable to H2O, specific integral membrane proteins allow water to flow in and out of the cell at a higher rate than would be possible by osmosis. What are these molecules called

A

Aquaporins

18
Q

What protein is likely to contain one or more hydrophobic segments, 14-30 amino acids long?

A

Integral membrane protein

19
Q

True or False. Symporters are an example of facilitated diffusion since they transport two different molecules in the same direction down their concentration gradients.

A

False. One molecule will move in the direction of its concentration gradient while the other molecules move against its concentration gradient

20
Q

What type of transport does not require a protein?

A

Osmosis

21
Q

Which of the following statements regarding protein signal sequences is FALSE? (More than one answer is correct)

A. A protein containing a KDEL sequence can be recycled back to the ER via transport in COPI-coated vesicles

B. A protein containing a KDEL sequence allows it to be packaged into secretory vesicles and transported to the plasma membrane

C. KDEL stands for Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu

D. KDEL is the call sign for the UCCS radio station

A

B. A protein containing a KDEL sequence allows it to be packaged into secretory vesicles and transported to the plasma membrane

D. KDEL is the call sign for the UCCS radio station

22
Q

What is clathrin?

A

C. A vesicular coat protein that mediates vesicle transport from the trans-Golgi network to the plasma membrane

23
Q

True or False. SNARE proteins are located on both the cell plasma membrane and transport vesicles and combine to form a complex that drives membrane fusion.

A

True

24
Q

True or False. GPI-linked proteins can diffuse laterally through the cell membrane easier than integral membrane proteins and are normally located at the apical membrane of polarized epithelial cells.

A

True

25
Q

The KDEL receptor is expressed where?

A

In the cis-Golgi and ER-Golgi intermediate complexes

26
Q

Eukaryotic mRNA can undergo post-transcriptional processing before translation. One of the process steps is splicing, where portions of the mRNA are removed, and the remaining mRNA fragments are joined together. Which of the following statements are correct regarding mRNA splicing?

A. Splicing occurs while the mRNA is still in the nucleus

B. Splicing occurs by the interaction of the spliceosome complex with the pre-mRNA molecule

C. Splicing occurs in the cytoplasm as the mRNA is being transported to the ribosome

D. Splicing can lead to many different forms of a protein due to alternative splicing sites.

E. A, B and D

F. A, C and D

A

E: A, B, and D

A. Splicing occurs while the mRNA is still in the nucleus

B. Splicing occurs by the interaction of the spliceosome complex with the pre-mRNA molecule

D. Splicing can lead to many different forms of a protein due to alternative splicing sites.

27
Q

True/False. Translation in eukaryotes is initiated by the binding of the Shine-Dalgarno sequence in the mRNA with the small ribosomal RNA subunit.

A

False

Eukaryotes do not use a Shine-Dalgarno sequence to position the ribosome on the mRNA.

28
Q

You isolate a mutated cell that is able to produce mRNA, but very little protein. This defect appears to be due to a shortage of charged tRNA molecules. What enzyme is likely to be defective in this cell type?

A

Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase

29
Q

The _____________ binds the tRNA molecules that is attached to the growing peptide chain.

A

P site

30
Q

The site that binds the amino acyl-tRNA is the ________________.

A

A site

31
Q

The ______________ may be bound to deacylated (uncharged) tRNA.

A

E site

32
Q

The site that binds the peptidyl-tRNA is the _______________.

A

P site

33
Q

Why is a cap added to mRNA, but not to tRNA or rRNA?

A

A. Each of the three types of RNA are transcribed by different RNA polymerases. Only RNA polymerase II, involved in mRNA synthesis, contains a domain capable of interacting with enzymes that form the cap.

Cell Bio (3 decks)

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