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VM638 Parasitology > Exam 2 Protozoans > Flashcards

Exam 2 Protozoans Flashcards

1
Q

Direct life cycle

A

Involves definitive hosts only (no intermediate host required to complete life cycle)

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2
Q

Indirect life cycle

A

Involves a definitive host and either an intermediate or paratenic host

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3
Q

Intermediate host

A

Host that harbors pre-adult stages of the parasite.

Required for completion of the indirect life cycle

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4
Q

Paratenic host

A
  • Transport host
  • Host harbors pre-adult stages of the parasite
  • little/no development occurs
  • host is not required for completion of the life cycle
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5
Q

Definitive host

A

Host that harbors the adult/mature stage of the parasite

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6
Q

Reservoir host

A
  • Source of infection for humans and domesticated animals

- all parasites have a reservoir host

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7
Q

Prepatent period

A

Time interval between host acquiring the parasite and the earliest ability to detect parasite on the host (detects the diagnostic stage)

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8
Q

Patent period

A

Time period during which the parasite produces it’s diagnostic stage

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9
Q

Trophozoite

A

feeding/active stage of a protozoan

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10
Q

Cyst

A

life cycle stage with a protective membrane

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11
Q

Pseudocyst

A

Flagellate trophozoite form that’s rounded with internalized flagella

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12
Q

Oocyst

A

Apicomplexan life stage in which the infective entities (sporozoites) develop

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13
Q

Sporocyst

A
  • develops within the Apicomplexan oocyst

- when present, contains sporozoites

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14
Q

Sporozoite

A
  • Apicomplexan cell form that infects new hosts. (infectious agent)
  • Develops within sporocysts (or oocysts when sporocysts are absent)
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15
Q

Merozoite

A
  • Apicomplexan motile stage
  • formed from asexual reproduction within host cell
  • can enter into another asexual or a sexual repro phase of life
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16
Q

Meront

A

Structure merozoites develop in

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17
Q

Bradyzoite

A
  • type of merozoite

- typified by slow growth and rapid replication

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18
Q

Tachyzoite

A
  • type of merozoite
  • typified by rapid growth and replication
  • eventually becomes a bradyzoite
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19
Q

Phylum Sarcomastigophora

A
  • trophozoites with flagellum
  • reproduce by binary fission
  • direct life cycles (+/- cysts)
  • Giardia & Tritrichomonas
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20
Q

Phylum Apicomplexa

A
  • obligate intracellular parasites at some point in life
  • asexual repro followed by sexual repro
  • direct or indirect life cycles
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21
Q

Giardia genetic assemblage A & B

A

humans (randomly cats, dogs)

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22
Q

Giardia genetic assemblage C & D

A

dogs (rare in humans)

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23
Q

Giardia genetic assemblage E

A

sheep, goats, cattle, pigs, hoofed livestock, wild rum, (rare in humans)

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24
Q

Giardia genetic assemblage F

A

cats (rare in humans)

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25
Q

Giardia genetic assemblage G

A

rodents

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26
Q

Giardia genetic assemblage H

A

marine mammals

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27
Q

Transmission of giardia

A

fecal-oral (usually water, sometimes feed)

If humans - human:human more likely, not animal:human

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28
Q

Giardia prepatent and patent periods

A

Prepatent: 3-16 days
Patent: variable

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29
Q

What’s in a Giardia cyst

A

2 trophozoites

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30
Q

Where do trophozoites like to go?

A

brush border of duodenum & jejunum

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31
Q

Key things about Giardia clinical signs

A
  • infection more common in young
  • young are the greatest environmental contaminators
  • can have clinical signs before patency
  • Clinical signs USUALLY absent in EQ, rum, SA camelids, dogs, cats
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32
Q

Giardia pathogenesis

A
  • villous atrophy, crypt hyperplasia
  • decrease disaccharidase activity
  • break down tight junctions
  • all cause malabsorptive diarrhea (bacteria, sodium, glucose in gut draw water)
  • diarrhea can be acute, chronic, or intermittent
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33
Q

Clin signs:

  • decreased feed efficiency in kids, lambs, calves
  • diarrhea, weight loss, impaired growth rate
A

G. duodenalis

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34
Q

Clin signs:

- diarrhea, ill-thrift, impaired growth rate in faols

A

G. duodenalis

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35
Q

Detect Giardia

A
  • wet mount (common)
  • centrifugal fecal float (repeated)
  • ELISA, immunochromatographic tests
  • Immunofluoresence (probably best)
  • PCR
  • post mortem saline smear of SI mucosa scrapings
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36
Q

Wet mount protocol

A
  • must be fresh feces (within 20 mins)
  • mount with saline, look for motility
  • then stain with iodine - look for concave disks
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37
Q

Treat Giardia

A
  • only if have diarrhea (Giardia is not cause of diarrhea)
  • Metronidazole or fenbendazole sometimes effective, but reinfection still possible
  • treat with other drugs if have cryptosproidium co-infection (common)
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38
Q

Control for Giardia

A
  • control environement: decontaminate, treat affected animals (+bath), try to decrease re-introduction from outside sources
  • hard to control if cattle or an uncontrolled environment (e.g. outdoor animal)
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39
Q

Tritrichomonas foetus species infected

A
  • cattle (regulated)
  • cats
  • swine (nasal sinuses, GI)
  • seen in dogs but rare
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40
Q

Transmission of Trich

A

cattle - venereally

cats - fecal oral or direct contact

Does not survive well in environment (no cyst form)

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41
Q

Where does Trich live in cattle

A

Cows - multiply (asex repro) in vagina ~2 wks, then uterus

Bulls - penis/prepuce/urethra epithelium, bulls are reservoir

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42
Q

Trich clinical signs in cattle

A

Herd problem of decreased pregnancy rates

Bulls - usually no signs, chronic carrier

Cows - vaginitis, endometritis, infertility, pyometra - but self limiting, rare to be a carrier

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43
Q

Detect Trich in cattle

A
  • wet mount/smear of genital secretions
  • single positive culture or PCR+ (vs. 3 negative cultures to be negative)
  • sampling protocols change by state
  • if detected, quarantine, test everyone, cull any positives
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44
Q

Control Trich in cattle

A

Bulls - replace older with younger, test any new bulls, test all bulls 2 wks post breeding

Cows - maintain a breeding season to ID repro probs, fence maintenance

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45
Q

Where does Trich live in cats

A
  • epithelium of cecum, colon, maybe ileum (non invasive)

- asexual repro, no cyst stage, don’t know pathogenesis

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46
Q

Trich risk factors in cats

A
  • purebred
  • catteries/shelters (crowded)
  • presence of other enteric protozoans
  • history of diarrhea last 6 mo in cat or it’s playmate
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47
Q

Trich clinical signs in cats

A
  • malodorous, wax/waning large bowel diarrhea

- fecal incontinence, straining, irritated anus

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48
Q

Detect Trich in cats

A
  • Colon flush preferred sample
  • fecal loop, freshly voided diarrhea
  • wet mount to visualize
  • fecal culture, PCR, histo biopsy (but trich rarely seen)
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49
Q

Key things about colon flush

A
  • examine within 20 mins
  • don’t refrigerate
  • otherwise Trich dies
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50
Q

Treat Trich in cats

A
  • spontaneous resolution of diarrhea 4 mo - 2 yrs
  • Remain infected, can relapse, intermittent shedding
  • No treatment approved, but Ronidizole is used
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51
Q

Hemoprotozoans

A
  • infect circulatory system
  • vector-borne (usually ticks)
  • indirect life cycles
  • Cytauxzoon felis, Hepatozoon americanum, Hepatozoon canis, Babesia
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52
Q

Cytauxzoon felis definitive host

A

Amblyomma americanum

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53
Q

C. felis distribution

A

south central US in felids

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54
Q

C. felis intermediate host

A

wild and domestic felids

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55
Q

C. felis reservoir host

A

bobcat

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56
Q

C. felis transmission

A

Tick acquires as nymph
transstadial transmission
blood meal –> intermediate host
host –> gametes to tick by blood meal

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57
Q

What does C. felis like to invade

A
  • first macrophages (mononuclear WBC’s) especially in lungs, spleen, liver
  • then merozoites infect RBC’s
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58
Q

C. felis prepatent period

A

11-19 days

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59
Q

C. felis clinical signs

A

5-14 days post infection
non-specific general signs
Leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, anemia, etc
Death 1-4 days after clinical signs start - highly fatal to cats

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60
Q

C. felis seasonality

A

dependent on tick activity

spring-summer (peak mid May to mid June)

61
Q

Detect C. felis ante-mortem

A

Blood smear (RBC’s or WBC’s with meronts)
If not helpful, FNA
If not helpful, PCR whole blood

62
Q

Detect C. felis post-mortem

A

Impression smear: lung & spleen first choice,
-2nd choice: liver, lymph node, bone marrow

or PCR

63
Q

Hepatozoon americanum distribution

A

SE US, central & south america

64
Q

Hepatozoon americanum definitive host

A

Amblyomma maculatum

65
Q

H. americanum intermediate host

A

wild and domestic canids

66
Q

H. americanum paratenic host

A

rabbits, rodents

67
Q

Hepatozoon americanum reservoir host

A

coyotes, maybe foxes

68
Q

H. americanum transmission

A

Tick ingests gamonts in leukocytes during blood meal
sexual repro in hemocoel of tick
Tick must be eaten by intermediate/paratenic host

69
Q

Paratenic host ingests tick, sporozoite comes out of tick, invades host, grows a bit and then stops developing is called a ______

A

cystozoite

70
Q

What’s unique about H. americanum pathogenesis?

A

sporozite pairs with macrophage, goes to skeletal muscle, makes macrophage form onion skin cyst by mucopolysaccharide material

Late merozoites enter macrophages for asex or sex repro

71
Q

H. americanum prepatent period

A

35 days

72
Q

mild to moderate nonregenerative anemia + profound neutrophilic leukocytosis (+/- periosteal proliferation)

A

key clinical signs for H. aermicanum

73
Q

Detect H. americanum

A

AM - clinical signs + muscle biopsy
not blood smear - rare to see parasite on smear
whole blood PCR
backdoor diagnosis

PM- histo of muscle

74
Q

Hepatozoon canis definitve host

A

Rhipicephalus sanguineus & Amblomma spp

75
Q

H. canis intermediate host

A

red fox, dogs

76
Q

H. canis reservoir host

A

red fox

77
Q

Detect H. canis

A
  • blood smear (up to 100% neutrophils infected) but leukocyte count WNL
  • positive blood smear = positive ID
78
Q

What Babesia spp are eradicated from US?

A

B. bigemina, B. bovis, B. caballi, B. equii

79
Q

Babesia definitive & intermediate hosts

A

DH: ixodidae ticks

IH: mammals

80
Q

What babesia species doesn’t do transstadial transmission?

A

B. bovis

81
Q

What babesia spp do transovarial transmission

A

B. canis, B. bigemina, B. bovis, B. equii

82
Q

Babesia transmission

A

gamonts in RBC’s –> tick
sporozoites become infective AT attachment/bite of tick

anything contaminated with blood can transmit

83
Q

Babesia prepatent period

A

7-14 days

84
Q

Icterus, anemia, fever

hemoglobinemia, hemoglobinuria, splenomegaly

A

Babesiosis clinical signs

85
Q

B. canis definitive host

A

Rhipicephalus sanguineus

86
Q

anorexia, anemia, thrombocytopenia, splenomegaly

A

B. canis clinical signs

87
Q

B. gibsoni definitive host

A

Don’t know

suspect H. longicornis

88
Q

B. gibsoni

A

most commonly diagnosed cause for canine babesiosis

Fighting dog breeds common - pit bull, staffordshire terrier

89
Q

Lab finding of Thrbombocytopenia, (hemolytic) anemia, hyperglobulinemia

A

+ access to blood = Babesia indication

90
Q

Detect Babesia

A

Blood smear (primary)
PCR - top choice
Serology if available

91
Q

Treatment outcomes of Babesia

A 
complete cure
subclinical carrier (anemia resolved)
partial recovery (thrombocytopenia, hyperglobulinemia, anemia stay)
92
Q

Bovine Babesiosis

A

B. bigemina, B. bocis

Hosts: R. annulatus, R. microplus

Federally regulated!!

93
Q

Equine piroplasmosis

A

= EQ babesiosis

B. caballi, B. equii

Host: Amblyomma cajennense - TX
(outside of texas = itarogenic transmission)

State regulated!

94
Q

Cryptosporidium infection in humans

A
  • usually transmitted from another human (vs. animal to human)
  • C. hominis most common
  • C. parvum 2nd
95
Q

Class Conoidasida (internal Apicomplexans)

A
  • Cystoisospera, Toxo, S. neurona can have direct or indirect versions
  • Cryptosporidium (D), Eimeria (D), Cystoisospora (DI), Sarcocystidae family (mostl I, toxo DI)
96
Q

What internal apicomplexan has sporulated oocysts passed in feces?

A

Cryptosporidium species (also makes thick and thin-walled forms)

97
Q

Where does Crytpo like to live in host?

A

lower GI, bile duct, respiratory tracts

Intracellular but extracytoplasmic

98
Q

Major hosts of concern for Crypto

A

cattle, immunosuppressed humans

99
Q

Crypto prepatent period

A

3 days+

100
Q

Crypto transmission

A

fecal contamination in young or immunosuppressed animals

101
Q

severe, watery diarrhea, GI lesions with villous atrophy

A

Cryptosporidium spp.

102
Q

Detect Crypto

A

Fecal float (common)
Immunofluoresence (best but costly)
Direct smear
ELISA being developed, PCR, histo

103
Q

Cryptosporidium parvum

A

very young calves
usually self-limiting
key reservoir for C. hominis

104
Q

C. canis

A

dogs less than 6 months
common co-infection with Giardia
older dogs can be asymptomatic shedders

105
Q

C. felis

A 
immunosuppressed cats (more common in younger)
common co-infection with Giardia
106
Q

Eimeria spp

A

Causes coccidiosis - rum, chicken, camelid, pig, EQ

high degree of host specificity

107
Q

Eimeria prepatent period

A

species dependent

4-35 days

108
Q

Eimeria disease severity

A
  • Low numbers ingested - inapparent disease, partial immunity
  • Moderate numbers ingested - mild disease, partial immunity
  • large numbers ingested - severe disease, could be death
109
Q

Premunition

A

body able to protect itself against pathogen, but doesn’t eliminate infection (this is GOOD - keeps immunity stimulated)

relatively immune to severe infection but has chronic low-grade infection

110
Q

Where in the rum body is coccidiosis more severe?

A 
large intestine
(SI is longer, faster cell turnover)
111
Q

Severe, bloody diarrhea, rapid loss of condition, stress or very young (<6 mo) calf

A

Coccidiosis by Eimeria

112
Q

3-6 wk chick, poor growth, sudden mucoid diarrhea or death

A

Coccidiosis by Eimeria

113
Q

Detect Eimeria & Cystoisospera

A 
Fecal float (unsporulated oocysts) - but supportive only
PM histo

Diagnosing coccidiosis is usually presumptive

114
Q

Prevent Eimeria

A
  • Goal is good husbandry!! (clean environment)
  • Coccidiostats for early asexual stages - can use prophylactically so animal can get premunition
  • Attenuated live vacc for chickens
115
Q

Cystoisospora spp

A
  • Coccidiosis in dogs, cats, pigs
  • highly host specific
  • can have direct or indirect life cycle depending on spp
116
Q

Where does Cystoisospera like to live in host?

A

GI, lymph nodes

117
Q

Cystoisospera prepatent period

A

4-12 days

118
Q

Dog (<4 mo or debilitated) with diarrhea, abdominal pain, weight loss… OR no clinical signs

A

Coccidiosis by Cysoisospera

119
Q

What Cysto species are in cats?

A

C. rivolta (newborns)

C. felis

120
Q

Piglet with watery, white to yellow diarrhea (no blood), decreased growth

A

neonatal porcine coccidiosis

high morbidity, low mortality

121
Q

Most common cause of Equine Protozoal Myloencephalitis (EPM)

A

Sarcocystis neurona

122
Q

EPM

A
  • inflam of brain and spinal cord (S. neurona rides up via leukocyte)
  • common but clinical signs rare
  • western hemisphere
123
Q

S. neurona hosts

A

definitive: N & S american opossum
Intermediate: cats, coons, armadillo
dead end host: horse

124
Q

Detect S. neurona

A

Serology
Immunoblot, ELISA, indirect FA

Diagnosis of exclusion (backdoor)

125
Q

Neospora caninum hosts

A

DH: wild and dom canids
IH: rum, domestic dog

126
Q

Neospora pathogenesis differences

A

Brady and Tachy’s can revert back to eachother for transplacental transmission (only Tachy can cross placenta)

127
Q

Neospora prepatent period

A

5 days

128
Q

Neospora transmission

A

fecal oral

transplacental

129
Q

Neosporosis in dogs

A
  • Mom may be asymptomatic
  • multiple litters can be affected, but only some show clinical signs
  • puppies get neuro signs (LMN disease in pelvic limbs), can become generalized
  • also fatal infections in dogs 8-15 (+/- pyogranulomatous dermatitis)
  • clinical signs ONLY when dog is intermediate host
130
Q

Detect Neospora

A

IFAT(indirect fluroescent ab test) - igG titer >800

PCR with tissue, IHC

131
Q

Treat neospora in dogs

A

Clindamycin

prevent scavenging, predation

132
Q

Neosporosis in cattle

A

placental and fetus disease
abortions (3 mo to term), stillbirths
live calf: alive, fine, alive but chronically infected, alive with clinical signs

133
Q

Detect neospora in cattle

A 
competitive ELISA (cELISA)
Tissue: histo, IHC, PCR - placenta, fetal brain primary choice
134
Q

Toxoplasma gondii hosts

A

DH: domestic, wild felids
IH: any warm-blooded vertebrate

135
Q

Where does Toxo like to live in host?

A

GI cells, lymph nodes

136
Q

Toxo Prepatent period

A

3-10 days if bradyzoites in tissue cysts are source of infection

19-21 days of sporulated oocysts are source

137
Q

Can cats re-shed Toxo oocysts after first time?

A

Only if co-infected with Cystoisospora felis, then shed T. gondii oocyts

138
Q

T. gondii clinical signs in cats

A

infections usually unapparent

pneumonia, ocular lesions - uveitis

139
Q

Top parasitc rule-out for abortion in sheep, goats

A

T. gondii

140
Q

T. gondii clinical signs in pigs

A

no signs, maybe repro issues

piglets - pneumonia, myocarditis, encephalitis

141
Q

T. gondii clinical signs in dogs

A

usually no signs

co-infection with canine distemper virus = lung, liver, CNS signs

142
Q

Humans and T. gondii transmission

A
  1. undercooked meat

2. sporulated oocyts (gardening)

143
Q

Detect T. gondii

A

DH: fecal float, serology

IH: biopsy smear, IHC, EFLA, PM histo

144
Q

Prevent toxo

A

Cats: indoors, no hunting, no raw food, no rodents

Humans: cook meat to 75C/167F, wash things, sterilize litter box, wear gloves

145
Q

Rhipicephalus sanguineus transmits what 2 apicomplexans?

A 
Babesia canis (RBC's)
Hapatozoon canis (WBC's - neutrophils)
146
Q

Lice types

A

sucking

chewing

147
Q

Lice life stages

A

egg (nit)
nymph (x3)
adult
all on 1 host (transmit by direct contact)

148
Q

When do you see lice

A
  • crowded conditions

- young, old, immunocompromised animals with something else going on

149
Q

3 species with paratenic hosts

A

Hepatozoon americanum
Neospora
Cystoisospera

VM638 Parasitology (2 decks)

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