Exam 2 Prep Flashcards
1
Q
Ch 4-
What is Cell Theory?
A
All organisms are composed of one or more cells
2
Q
cell membrane functions
chapter 5
A
-concentrating critical components
-protection from the environment
-control of in & out movement
-cell-cell communication
3
Q
phospholipids
chapter 5
A
main component of cell membrane
glycerol attached to 2 fatty acid chains + 1 phosphate group
4
Q
Ch 4-what is a Eukaryote
A
complex body plan,nucleus, membrane bound organelles
5
Q
Ch 4- What does cell structure allow for ?
A
Multicellularity
6
Q
Ch 4- What does the Eukaryotic Cell structure encompass?
A
5 Main components
* nucleus membrane lined information center
* Organelles-interal compartments with specific questions
* cytosol-protein rich fluid in which organelles are immersed
* Cytoskeleton-Internal scaffoldoing
* plasma membrane-outer celll boundary
7
Q
Ch 4- what does the Prokaryotic Cell structure encompass?
A
- Plasma membrane- controls movement of material into and out of cell
- Cytoplasm with no internal support or organelles
- Genetic material located in the nucleoid region
8
Q
Ch 4- What is chloroplasts?
A
- Organelles with membrane bound compartments called thylekoids( surface of thykeloids embeddes us with chlorphyll= photosynthetic pigments
- site of photosynthesis
- contains own DNA
- contains chlorophyll
9
Q
Ch 4- what is cytoskeleton
A
Protein fiber gives cell shape, anchor organelles, and allow movement. Some are permanent while others are moving
10
Q
Ch 4-What are the 3 elements?
A
- Microtubeles(tublin polymers)
- Microfilaments(Actin Filament)
- Intermediate Filaments
11
Q
Ch 4- What do microtubes do?
A
Make cilia and flagella
12
Q
Ch 4- What is Cillia?
A
Hair like extensions of a cell that move rapidly to propel the cell or to makw material around the cell
13
Q
Ch 4- What is flagella?
A
Long,whip-like cell extensions thathelp cells to move
14
Q
Ch 4- What do plant cells consist of ?
A
- Cell wall, large control vacuole, chloroplast and plasmodesmata
- central vacuole
- comprise up 90% of a plants cell volume
- composed of mostly water
- store nutrients, ions, and some pigments
15
Q
Ch 4- What is the cell wall?
A
Provides strength and protection and limits water absorption
16
Q
movement out: exocytosis
chapter 5
A
where vesicles fuse w/ the plasma membrane + expel contents into extracellular fluid
-release contents outside cell
17
Q
phagocltosis
chapter
A
certain cells engulf food particles or bacterial cells by pseupodia that surround the material + move it into cell’s interior
cell eating
18
Q
pinocytosis
chapter 5
A
-“cell drinking”
- water and solvent are enclosed in invaginating vesicle
19
Q
receptor- mediated endocytosis
chapter 5
A
protein receptors capture specific molecules and concentrate them into an invaginating pit
20
Q
Ch 4-Ribosomes in cytoplasm
A
- work bench of protein synthesis
- read the mRNA and translate meaning into amino acids added to a chain of polypeptide
- If the protein is to leave the cell, the ribosome will attach to the endoplasmic reticulum
- Proteins staying in cytoplasm are made by free ribosomes.
21
Q
Ch 4- Rough endoplasmic reticulum
A
- Series of flattened memebrane embedded with ribosomes
- “rough” because of the ribosomes
- Proteins are folded in interior of rough ER cisternal spaces
- ER membrane buds off to form vesicles containing proteins
22
Q
Ch 4-Golgi Apparatus
A
- Transport vesicles from endoplasmic reticulum fuse with golgi apparatus
- Made of membrane sacs
- Modifies,sorts, and ships proteins to their final destination
23
Q
Ch 4- Endomembrane system
A
- interconnected network formed by all membranes of the cell
- vesicles move from one system to another, and the membranes fuse in order to transfer content
24
Q
Ch 4- Lysomes
A
- Organelles that break down food or worn out celluar structures
- Filled with enzymes
- fuse with other material,digest it, thenrecycles same molecules.
25
Ch 4- Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum
* Network of membranes considered "smooth" because it is not studded with ribosomes
* Site of lipid synthesis
* has enzymes for detoxification
26
Ch 4- Mitochondria
* elongated organelle with inner and outer membranes
* extract energy from food & transform this energy into a chemical form called ATP
* contain their own DNA and relates to endosymbioses and are two organelles that depend on each other
27
Ch 4- Cristae
Inner highly folded membranes
28
Ch 4-Endosymbiotic Theory
* Mitochondria are descendants of free living, oxygen-using bacteria that included eukaryote cells
* They made energy fro the cell supplied food & oxygen
29
Wksh 3- cystoskeleton
maintains ccell shape and facillitates cells movement inside of the cell
30
Wksh 3-cytosol
Protein rich fluid in which organelles are immersed
31
Wksh 3-ribosomes
site of protein synthesis
32
wksh 3- Nucleus
Contains all of the cell's genetic material
33
wksh 3- fluid mosaic model
conceptual picture of plasma membrane which says that it exists as a fluid medium of the phospholipid bilayer with a "mosaic" of proteins that move with relative ease.
34
Wksh 3- Active transport
Requires energy from the cell in the form of ATP
35
Wksh 3- Passive Transport
Requires no energy from cell
36
Wksh 3- These molecules can move through plasma memebrane via simple diffusion.
water, gases, and fat-soluble molecules
37
Wksh 3- These proteins are found in cell membranes and they function to "glue" cells to one.
cell adhesion proteins
38
Wksh 3- The process when cellmembranes extend to engulf food particles or other cells, then draw them into the cell for digestion.
phagocytosis
39
wksh 3- soium potassium is a good example of?
Active transport
40
Wksh 3- When vesicles fuses with the membrane to relase its contents outside of cell
Exocytosis
41
Wksh 3- The type of cell signaling where local chemical messengers affect neighboring cells
Pacrine signaling
42
cell-cell signaling
| chapter 5
cells must interact with other cells, they send signals through cell surface receptor proteins
43
receptor proteins
| chapter 5
have a specific shape to fit specific signal molecule
44
What happens when signal molecule and receptor protein bind?
| chapter 5
receptor protein changes and a cellular response is generated
45
membrane permeability
| chapter 5
phospholipid bilayeris selectively permeable
- it is permeable to water and gases, but empermeable to ions and large hydrophilic molecules
46
# energetics of membrane transport
passive pransport
| chapter 5
requires no energy from cell
47
active transport
| chapter 5
requires energy from the cell (atp)-"burning calories"
48
# passive transport
simple diffusion
| chapter 5
Particular molecules move down their concentration gradients and pass into or out of a cell
49
facilitated diffusion
| chapter 5
diffusion that requires a transport protein for substances that cannot diffuse through the lipid bilayer
50
osmosis
| chapter 5
special case of facilitated diffusion specific for water molecules
net movement of water accross a semi-permeable membrane
51
osmotic concentration
| chapter 5
concentration of all solutes in a solution
52
isotinic
| chapter 5
osmotic concentration in 2 solutions are equal
53
plasma membrane components
| chapter 5
-2 layers of phospholipids sandwhich together to form the plasma membrane
-hydrophobic tails form the interior
54
# kinds of membrane proteins
transport proteins
| chapter 5
allows molecules to pass through the membrane
55
# kinds of membrane proteins
enzymes
| chapter5
carry out many chemical reactions on the interior surface of the plasma membrane
56
# kinds of membrane proteins
cell surface receptors
| chapter 5
bind with chemical messengers
57
# kinds of membrane proteins
cell surface identity markers
| chapter 5
identify a cell to other cells through specific combinations of surface proteins
58
# membrane proteins
cell adhesion proteins
| chapter 5
proteins used to "glue" cells to one another
59
diffusion
| chapter 5
the movement of molecules/ions from a region higher concentration to a region of lower concentration
60
concentration gradient
| chapter 5
difference between the highest and lowest concentration of a solute
61
# 3 stages
1. reception
| chapter 5
signal molecule binds with specific protein on plasma membrane
62
# 3 stages
2. transduction
| chapter 5
signal moves through a pathway of relay molecules
63
synaptic signals(neurotransmitters)
| chapter 5
used by neurons(nerve cells) to communicate directly with target cells
64
hormones
| chapter 5
long-distance chemical messengers secreted into blood by enocrine glands
65
paracrines signalin
| chapter 5
local chemical messengers that affect neighboring cells
66
# communicating junctions: animals
gap junction
| chapter 5
a cluster of protein assemblies that align to form communication channels between animal cells
67
# communicating junctions: plants
plasmodesmata
| chapter 5
series of tiny pores between plant cells that connects the cytoplasm of adjacent cells
68
A miniature chemical factory where thousands of reactions occur
A Living Cell
69
All the chemical reaction carried out by a cell or larger organisms
Metabolism
70
What consumes energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones
Anabolic Pathways
71
What releases energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds
Catabolic Pathways
72
Which pathway begins with a specific molecule and ends with a product?
Metabolic Pathways
73
In a Metabolic Pathway, what is each step catalyzed by?
A Specific Enzyme
74
The study of how energy flows through living organisms
Bio Energetics
75
Bio energetics uses energy to build what type of molecules to used for stored energy?
Energetic Molecules
76
Bio energetic occurs through ______ energy reactions?
Coupled
77
Energy is released in which type of reactant? The reactants, contain more energy than products?
Exergonic
78
Energy is stored in which type of reactant? The reactants, contain more energy than reactants?
Endergonic
79
Coupled Reaction
Use exergonic reaction to provide the energy to drive endergonic reactions
80
Any reaction that releases energy?
Exergonic
81
Any reaction that require an input of energy?
Endergonic
82
The most important energy transfer molecule in loving things?
ATP
83
ATP is made up of what?
Ribose, Adenine, and 3 phosphate groups
84
Bonds between phosphate groups are broken by __________
Hydrolysis
85
The result of being broken by hydrolysis?
1.Inorganic Phosphatex Molecules
2. Adenosine Diphosphates(ADP)
3. Energy
86
What is the function of ATP
To perform cellular work, cells use energy rebuild ATP molecule through phosphorylation of ADP
87
Energy required to destabilize existing chemical bond and initiate a chemical reactant
Activation Energy
88
What is the Mitochondria?
Elongated organelle w/ highly folded inner membranes called cristae
89
Cristae contains the ____
Electron transport chamber (ETC)
90
The Electron transport chamber is ____
Series of proteins located in inner membrane of mitochondria
91
What two electron carrier molecules drop off electrons onto proteins in the membrane
NADH and FADH(2)
91
Extreme changes in ________ or ______ will denature and enzymes
Temperature; Ph
92
Electrons powers movement of H+ ions against their ___ called ___
Concentration Gradient, Protein Pump
93
Chemosmosis is ___
Process of the H+ flow through ATP synthesis
93
Substance being acted on by each specific enzymes
Substrate
94
In this process at the end of the chain, electrons are transferred to oxygen
Electron Transport Chain
94
Change in temp of an enzyme increase _______ energy
Kinetic
95
ATP Synthase…
1. Enzyme that makes (synthesizes) ATP
2. Embedded in membrane
3. Provides channel for proteins to cross membrane down their concentration gradient
4. As protons move through, the energy they release causes the components of the enzyme to rotate.
95
Enzymes include a "pocket" that fits perfectly to what?
The Substrate
96
Where does the substrate bind in an enzyme
Active Site
96
What happens to proteins during cellular respiration?
They break down into individual amnio acids, the amnio group (NH2) is removed.
97
What is Deamination?
Remaining carbon chain goes into citric acid cycle
98
Beta-Oxidation is…
Series of reactions that converts a fatty acid into a form that combines with COA to form Acetyl COA and enters ETC as well metabolizes fats for energy
99
Change in Ph of an enzyme alters ionic interactions that do what?
Stabilize Protein Structure
99
What is Catabolism?
Reactions that breakdown complex molecules, often with the release of energy
100
Fermentation uses…
Organic fuel but no oxygen
101
Cellar respiration…
Cellar fuel is oxidized, and O2 is reduced. Cellar fuel= molecules like carbohydrates and fuels.
102
Oxidation is…
Having lost one or more electrons to generate energy and build ATP
103
Reduction is…
Having gained one or more electrons in a chemical reaction (overall charge reduced by giving electrons)
104
Redox Reaction is…
A combination of reduction and oxidation reactions, electrons lost from one another are gained by another
105
Cellar Respiration formula
C6H12O6+6O2---> 6CO2+6H2O+Energy
106
What shuffles electrons through energy harvesting redox reactions
Electron carrier molecules
107
Electrons carried by NAD+ and FAD+ are bound up with what kind of atom?
Hydrogen
108
NAD+ characteristics
1. Acts as oxidizing agent
2. Accepts a hydrogen atom (with an electron) becoming NADH.
109
NADH characteristics
Can carry electrons to another receptor, thus being regenerated. (Same thing happens with FAD+ and FADH2)
110
What are the three stages of Glucose Metabolism?
Glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and oxidative phosphorylation.
111
Glycolysis
Breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate
112
Pyruvate oxidation
Complete glucose breakdown (along with citric acid cycle)
113
Oxidative phosphorylation
Most of ATP synthesis process
114
Glycolysis Energy investment phase
1. Glucose enters the cell
2. The phosphates are added from two ATP's
3. Not much energy is mad and no oxygen was required (anaerobic)- works great for yeast and bacteria
