Exam 2 Practice Quiz Questions Flashcards
Which of the following is NOT a factor in establishing a causal relationship?
- Confounders
- Relationship
- Temporal
- Sample
Sample
Which of the following is true of a randomized control trial?
- Also known as an observational study
- Uses a control group
- Researchers select the participants
- Retrospective
Uses a control group
What is a method or intervention that quasi-experimental studies can use to increase the quality of the results if it does not use a comparison group?
- Time-series design
- Increase sample size
- Randomization
- Identify confounding variables
Time-series design
Which of the following are methods to control a study? (SATA)
- Heterogeneity
- Matching
- Randomization
- Script
Matching
Randomization
Script
What type of study collects data at multiple points or over an extended period of time?
- Observational
- Quasi-experimental
- Randomized controlled trial
- Longitudinal
Longitudinal
A researcher is investigating a population of nurses. Nurses are divided up into cardiac nurses and oncology nurses. What would cardiac nurses or oncology nurses represent?
- Strata
- Eligibility criteria
- Sampling bias
- Representative sample
Strata
A researcher collects data on patients in a labor and delivery unit over a two-month time frame. What type of sampling method is this?
- Quota sampling
- Purposive sampling
- Convenience sampling
- Consecutive sampling
Consecutive Sampling
Which of the following is a type of probability sampling?
- Convenience sampling
- Consecutive sampling
- Systematic sampling
- Quota sampling
Systematic sampling
What is an example of when a large sample size might not be an accurate representation of the population?
- A power analysis determines the size
- Nonprobability sampling is used
- Qualitive studies
- Observational studies
Nonprobability sampling is used
Benefits of questionnaires include which of the following?
- Anonymity
- Reach diverse geographical areas
- Free from validity errors
- Less costly than interviews
Anonymity
Reach diverse geographical areas
Less costly than interviews
What is one similarity between quantitative and qualitative research designs?
- Blinding
- Control
- Randomization
- Time designs
Time designs
Which type of qualitative study design involves fieldwork?
- Ethnography
- Phenomenology
- Grounded theory
- Case studies
Ethnography
Which term is applicable to interpretive phenomenology?
- Bracketing
- Hermeneutics
- Intuiting
- Describing
Hermeneutics
Which type of qualitative research focuses on a core variable?
- Ethnography
- Phenomenology
- Grounded theory
- Narrative analysis
Grounded theory
Which type of qualitative research method focuses on a single entity?
- Ethnography
- Phenomenology
- Grounded theory
- Case studies
Case Studies
Which sampling technique involves having participants refer other individuals to be participants?
- Convenience
- Purposive
- Theoretical
- Snowball
Snowball
What is the primary factor in determining the sample size in qualitative studies?
- Data saturation
- Power analysis
- Qualitative study technique
- Sampling technique
Data saturation
Which qualitative study type relies on key informants?
- Phenomenology
- Grounded theory
- Ethnography
- Observational
Ethnography
Which type of data collection technique involves asking a broad general question and asking follow-up questions based on participant responses?
- Unstructured interviews
- Participant observation
- Focus group interviews
- Topic guided interviews
Unstructured interviews
Which type of qualitative study type takes the longest time to conduct?
- Ethnography
- Phenomenological
- Grounded theory
- Longitudinal
Ethnography
What makes a research study a mixed-methods study?
- Used both qualitative and quantitative data collection
- Begins with one research designs and shifts
- Combines multiple quantitative research designs to answer one research question
- Design focuses on measuring multiple research questions with one method
Used both qualitative and quantitative data collection
Which type of study designation would be seen in a convergent study?
- QUAN > QUAL
- QUAL > QUAN
- QUAN +QUAL
- QUAL = QUAN
QUAN + QUAL
Which type of study design would occur first in an explanatory design?
- Phenomenological
- Grounded theory
- Ethnographic
- Quasi-experimental
Quasi-experimental
Which phase of a clinical trial focuses on pilot testing?
- Phase 1
- Phase 2
- Phase 3
- Phase 4
Phase 2
What type of study design utilizes the plan-do-study-act process?
- Evaluation research
- Clinical trials
- Quality improvement studies
- Nursing intervention research
Quality improvement studies
Which level of measurement applies to IQ scores?
- Nominal
- Ordinal
- Interval
- Ratio
Interval
Which type of distribution is represented by a bell-curve?
- Frequency
- Skewed
- Symmetric
- Normal
Normal
What is the sum of all variables divided by the number of participants (mean, median, and mode are three measures of central tendency)?
- Mean
- Mode
- Range
- Median
Mean
To be statistically significant what standard deviation value is needed with a normal distribution?
- <1
- Within 2
- 3-4
- > 5
Within 2
Which value is best at establishing statistical significance?
- P-value
- Chi-squared
- T-value
- ANOVA
P-value
Which values are specific for calculating reliability?
- Cohen’s kappa
- Specificity
- Cronbach’s alpha
- Intraclass correlation coefficient
Cohen’s kappa
Chronbach’s alpha
Intraclass correlation coefficient
A test for strep throat has been developed. The test shows positive for every case of strep throat, but also shows positive for influenza. What is the best way to classify this test?
- Highly specific and highly sensitive
- Highly specific and low sensitivity
- Low specificity and highly sensitive
- Low specificity and low sensitivity
Low specificity and highly sensitive
What guidelines are used to track variations in a sample?
- Consort
- PRISMA
- JCAHO
- HCAPPS
Consort
Which factor is useful in determining group-level clinical significance?
- P-value
- Power analysis
- Minimal important change
- Number needed to treat
Number needed to treat
What is used to calculate individual-level clinical significance?
- T-test
- Benchmark
- CONSORT
- Chi-squared
Benchmark
Which of the following are methods to measure minimum individual change?
- Using a 0.5 standard deviation threshold
- Benchmark
- Aiming for a 95% confidence interval
- Having patient’s rate what is significant
Using a 0.5 standard deviation threshold
Benchmark
Having patient’s rate what is significant
When reading a qualitative research study, what term would describe a qualitative data analytic method?
- Chi-squared
- Independent t-test
- Logistic regression
- Content analysis
Content analysis
What is narrative information in a qualitative study broken down into first?
- Constructs
- Theory
- Codes
- Themes
Codes
Which style of qualitative analysis uses domain analysis?
- Qualitative content analysis
- Ethnography
- Phenomenology
- Grounded theory
Ethnography
Which phenomenologist analyzes artistic works in their analytical methods?
- Van manen
- Colaizzi
- Heidegger
- Giorgi
Van Manen
What method is present in all areas of grounded theory analysis?
- Selective coding
- Conceptual description
- Paradigm development
- Constant comparison
Constant comparison
What component is required in qualitative research to claim a study is credible?
- Confirmability
- Authenticity
- Transferability
- Dependability
Dependability
What is a strategy used in qualitative research to reduce bias?
- Prolonged engagement
- Reflexive journaling
- Persistent observation
- Audit trail
Reflexive journaling
What process in qualitative research involves checking that the themes are congruent with the participant’s beliefs?
- Member check
- Triangulation
- Reflexivity
- Persistent observation
Member check
What strategy in a qualitative study involves getting multiple researchers for data collection, coding and analysis?
- Inquiry audit
- Investigator triangulation
- Negative case analysis
- Peer debriefing
Investigator triangulation
Which technique helps establish researcher credibility in qualitative research?
- Investigator triangulation with at least three researchers
- Audit trail conducted before two inquiry audits
- Peer debriefing with at least five peers
- Including information about the researcher in the study
Including information about the researcher in the study
What component is used in types of systematic reviews to measure the impact of the independent variable?
- Sample
- Research design
- Effect size
Effect size
When would it not be appropriate to use meta-analysis?
- Multiple studies have a similar research question
- Good quality studies with conflicting results
- Mostly primary research studies related to the phenomenon
- Cohen’s D can be easily calculated
Good quality studies with conflicting results
What is a risk that can occur in a meta-analysis if the study excludes articles that are NOT peer-reviewed?
- Intrinsic bias
- Reduced validity
- Publication bias
- Reduced reliability
Publication bias
What technique is used to display the effect sizes of multiple studies to assess if it is appropriate to do a meta-analysis?
- Forest plot
- Choen’s d
- Odd’s ratio
- Pearson’s r
Forest plot
What is different about the research design for a meta synthesis versus a meta-analysis?
- Focus on primary research studies
- Researchers same as those of studies included
- Calculate effect size for data analysis
- Begin with a focused research question
Researchers same as those of studies included
