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BIO 105 > Exam 2 Practice > Flashcards

Exam 2 Practice Flashcards

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1
Q

If you crossed a true-breeding big male with a true-breeding small female, what
distribution of phenotypes would be expected in the F1? what distribution of phenotypes
would be expected in the F2?

A

Parents are XE y and Xe Xe, so F1 will be Xe y (small males) and XE Xe big females.
F2 will be 1 XE y big male : 1 Xe y small male : 1 XE Xe big female : 1 Xe Xe small female

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2
Q

If you crossed a true-breeding small male with a true-breeding big female, what
distribution of phenotypes would be expected in the F1? what distribution of phenotypes
would be expected in the F2?

A

Parents are Xe y and XE XE, so F1 will be XE y (big males) and XE Xe big females.
F2 will be 1 XE y big male : 1 Xe y small male : 1 XE Xe big female : 1 XE XE big female

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3
Q

You are studying a new phenotype in mice. You cross a true-breeding black-eared
mouse with a true-breeding white-eared mouse and you get an all grey-eared F1. If ear
color is controlled by a single gene that exhibits incomplete dominance, what
distribution of phenotypes would you expect in a cross of two grey-eared mice?
E1 E1 (black) x E2 E2 white gives E1 E2 grey

A

Cross of E1 E2 x E1 E2  1 E1 E1 black : 2 E1 E2 grey : 1 E2 E2 white

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4
Q

Name four of the enzymes that are directly involved in DNA replication, and briefly
describe their roles in DNA replication

A

DNA helicase – unwinds double-stranded DNA to provide template for DNA polymerase
DNA primase – creates RNA primer that provides 3’OH for DNA polymerase III
DNA polymerase III – creates daughter strand in complementary antiparallel fashion by
adding nucleotides to 3’ end
DNA polymerase I – removes RNA primer and replaces it with DNA nucleotides
DNA ligase – makes phosphodiester bond between Okazaki fragments
DNA topoisomerase – relieves supercoiling

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5
Q

DNA helicase

A

unwinds double-stranded DNA to provide template for DNA polymerase

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6
Q

DNA Primase

A

creates RNA primer that provides 3’OH for DNA polymerase III

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7
Q

DNA polymerase III

A

creates daughter strand in complementary antiparallel fashion by
adding nucleotides to 3’ end

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8
Q

DNA ligase

A

makes phosphodiester bond between Okazaki fragments

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9
Q

DNA polymerase I

A

removes RNA primer and replaces it with DNA nucleotides

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10
Q

DNA topoisomerase

A

relieves supercoiling

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11
Q

What is a kinase?

A

a protein that adds phosphates to other proteins

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12
Q

What electrical charge does DNA have, and what gives it this charge?

A

negative from the phosphates

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13
Q

There are only 2 alleles for a given gene in a particular population– allele A and
allele a. Allele A is dominant over allele a. This means that

A

In a heterozygote (Aa), the dominant phenotype is expressed

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14
Q

Which of the following statements best describes the results of this experiment? If a
G1 cell is fused with a cell in the S or M stage, the G1 cell will enter the S or M stage
because …

A

..proteins in the S and M cells control the progression to those stages

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15
Q

INcomplete dominance is

A

the heterozygote has a phenotype in between the phenotype of either homozygote

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16
Q

codominance is

A

both alleles are dominant; neither is recessive to each other

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17
Q

Flower color in snapdragons is an example of incomplete dominance

If you cross a red snapdragon with a white snapdragon, you get an F1 that is

If you then cross two F1s you get a phenotypic distribution of

A

incomplete dominance, pink

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18
Q

A botanist has determined that flower color in a new species of orchid is determined by a gene with two alleles, one of which is dominant. The dominant flower color is red.

How many dominant alleles must an orchid possess in order to demonstrate red flowers?

How many recessive alleles must an orchid possess in order to demonstrate white flowers?

What flower color is expected in a heterozygous orchid?

A

1 ; 2; red

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19
Q

The MLH1 gene is located on chromosome 3 in humans and four different alleles have been identified. You examine a cell in G1 of the cell cycle (ie, that has not yet replicated its DNA).

How many copies of the gene are present?

The maximum number of different alleles a single normal individual can have is:

A

2 ; 2

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20
Q

The MLH1 gene is located on chromosome 3 in humans and four different alleles have been identified. You examine a cell in G1 of the cell cycle (ie, that has not yet replicated its DNA).

The minimum number of different alleles a single normal individual can have is:

The maximum number of different alleles a single normal gamete (ie a reproductive cell, a sperm or egg) can have is:

A

1 ; 1

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21
Q

Heterozygous means

A

an individual has two different alleles of a gene

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22
Q

A phenotype is

A

the way something or someone looks

23
Q

An allele of a gene of interest is best described as

A

a variation in the nucleotide sequence of the gene that may or may not result in a detectable phenotype.

24
Q

A gene is

A

A region of the DNA that encodes an enzyme and a Mendelian particle that produces a phenotype

25
Q

null

A

A DNA sequence that results in no gene product

26
Q

recessive

A

relationship between an observed trait and the two inherited versions of a gene related to that trait

27
Q

A researcher is studying two different alleles of the gene encoding a human kinase. The wildtype kinase is only active in cells during mitosis; however the mutant allele is active at all stages of the cell cycle. The mutant allele is an example of a __________ allele.

A

gain-of-function

28
Q

What are the possible genotypes of gametes made by an individual with the genotype Aa?

A

A, and a

29
Q

What are the possible genotypes of gametes made by an individual with the genotype Bb?

A

B, and b

30
Q

What fraction of gametes made by an individual with the genotype Bb will have the genotype B?

A

1/2

31
Q

A small molecule that binds to a receptor and activates it is called a

A

ligand

32
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

have the same genes in the same order, but are not identical

33
Q

Non-homologous chromosomes

A

have different genes entirely

34
Q

Sister chromatids are

A

identical to each other

35
Q

Non-sister chromatids

A

have the same genes in the same order, but are not identical

36
Q

In metaphase of mitosis
[ Select ]
line up at the metaphase plate

A

replicated chromosomes

37
Q

In anaphase of mitosis,
[ Select ]
are pulled apart.

A

sister chromatids

38
Q

In metaphase of meiosis I _____ line up at the metaphase plate

A

tetrads

39
Q

CDKS are Kinases
True or false

A

TRUE!

40
Q

Cyclins are Kinases
True or false

A

TRUE!

41
Q

The concentration of a given cyclin changes dramatically as a cell progresses through the cell cycle.
True or false

A

TRUE!

42
Q

In linear electron flow, the electrons start on
[ Select ]
and end up on
[ Select ]
.

A

water, NADP+, forming NADPH

43
Q

In cyclic electron flow, the electrons start on
[ Select ]
and end up on
[ Select ]

A

photosystem I, photosystem I

44
Q

Linear electron flow produces

A

O2 ATp and NADPH

45
Q

Cyclic electron flow produces

A

ATP

46
Q

The substrates for the Calvin Cycle are

A

ATP
CO2
NADPH

47
Q

The products of the Calvin Cycle are

A

NADP+
ADP
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

48
Q

The reaction of O2 with RUBISCO is called

A

photorespiration

49
Q

The reaction of O2 with RUBISCO

A

releases CO2 from organic matter and doesn’t produce ATP

50
Q

This type of receptor has 7 transmembrane helices

A

G-protein coupled receptor

51
Q

This type of receptor has two individual proteins that combine after they bind their signal molecule

A

receptor tyrosine kinase

52
Q

This type of receptor functions as a specific pore for transport

A

gated channel

53
Q

G proteins are regulated by

A

GTP

54
Q
A

BIO 105 (1 decks)

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