Exam 2 PowerPoint Info Flashcards
Chomsky & Halle Model
Redesigned the binary distinctive feature system into articulatory rather than acoustic terms. Used a total of 27 features
True/False:
There is no one set of distinctive features that is universally accepted for use in speech analysis or in modeling speech production
True
Ladefoged
-System uses where each occurrence of a feature is specified by a percentage
-This strategy permits both a phonological characterization of each sound and a phonetic characterization of each sound as it varies in context.
-The model of Peter Ladefoged proposed a system of features where a sound can have different features at the same time
o A sound can have multiple features at the same time
o Why not have multiple things at once?
o Percentage
The three aspects of Target Models:
- spatial;
- auditory-acoustic;
- more abstract.
MacNeilage
o Movements of articulators are learned by muscles as a learned spatial target
o You can use different muscle to achieve the same motor goal
o Goal of the speaker is the spatial target
o Gamma loop-feedback mechanism that helps us adjust our articulator
Acoustic–auditory targets
o We have specified targets in our brain for what an /a/ should sound like
o Listeners can deal with acoustic targets too
o Achieve acoustic target with each sound that we articulate
Peterson and Shoup
Tried to describe physiology behind each sound from IPA as the starting point
- Liberman, Cooper, Shankweiler, & Studdert-Kennedy
o How phones are turning into the acoustic signal
o Coarticulation- all happens at once as with “two”
o Simultaneous signals from brain and going to many muscles at once
- Spatial & Acoustic-Auditory Nooteboom
o Goal of speech is not to achieve certain motor patterns,
o Our goal is to be understood
o Motor commands and auditory maps used to be understood by listener
- Action Theorists (more abstract)
o Vocal tract adjustment (that’s the target)
They posit a model of speech production that directly transforms phonologic targets into sound without multiple conversions.
This theory has an ecologic emphasis that takes into account both the inherent mechanical properties of the speech production system (the momentary tension, elasticity, and inertia acting on the muscle groups involved) and the potential external mechanical influences on the system (as when a child places a hand on a speaker’s chin)
- Browman and Goldstein
o Articulatory gestures
o Physiology and timing (coarticulation)
o How might we do multiple gestures at once?
Timing Models
o Is speech link putting sounds on a string one by one
o Or do they all overlap
o Lashley model-syntax is the driving unit, ordering device for timing
o The temporal ordering device is syntax- Lashely
o Open loop model, continually interactive symptoms
- Ohman
o Looks at spectrograms
o You have a clear structure for vowels in a spectrogram
o Speech is a string of vowel to vowel articulation with consonants between/interrupting
o Vowel is dictating timing
o Coarticulation is described from spectrograms, including static properties of phonemes and dynamic rules
Henke
o As long as there is no intervening segment in the sequence, motor commands may be initiated simultaneously
o Ex: strew
Martin
o Speech rhythm
o Stress is universal
o Rhythm is planned first
o Most stressed syllable is what is first planned in the brain
o Listener can use rhythm to help predict the rest of a message
o Speaker and listener both looked at
