Exam 2 pics Flashcards
seen by eye
-adult roundworm helminth
seen with light microscope
-eukaryotic cell / yeast
-prokaryotic cells
seen with electron microscope
-virus
baker’s and brewer’s yeast
yeast
pseudohyphae
hyphae
hyphae fungi
yeast like fungi
-pseudohyphae of candida albicans
dimorphic fungi: histoplasma capsulatum
dimorphic fungi: histoplasma capsulatum
filamentous fungi with spores
filamentous fungi
- spores
- germination
- hyphae
- subsurface hyphae
- aerial hyphae
filamentous fungi: spores drop down and replication
fungal cell wall
- mannoproteins
- B-1,6-glucan & B-1,3-glucan
- chitin
- B-1,3-glucan synthase
- UDP-Glc
- chitin synthase
- UDP-GlcNAc
what is the thingy poking out ?
sclerotium
-pores that penetrated the developing ears of rye plant
aspergillus fungi strain
penicillium
-growing fillaments
-producing conedia (pinching off of filaments)
how coccidioides (dimorphic fungi) is acquired?
inhale spores, get deposited in lungs, lead to symptoms
ringworm
how does athletes foot symptoms occur?
xray of growth of aspergillosis development
** mentioned this as a hotspot ** know where it acts on
- Amphotericin (causes leaky membrane)
- Griseofulvin (inhibit cell division using micro tubules)
- Flucytosine (inhibit RNA-translation)
- Terbinafine, Naftifine, Amorolfine (inhibit ergosterol synthesis pathway through enzymes)
- Azoles (inhibit ergosterol synthesis pathway)
- Echinocandins (target glucan synthase enzyme = no glucan)
what can do this inhibiting?
echinocandins
what can do this inhibiting?
Azoles
-produce toxic substrate
-ergosteral synthesis wont occur
what can do this inhibiting?
Fluoridated Pyrimidines
virus
- lipoprotein envelope
- coat (caapsid)
polio virus
adenovirus
tobacco mosaic virus
bacteriophage
ebola virus
smallpox virus
tobacco mosaic virus
adenovirus
influenza virus
bacteriophage
tobacco mosaic virus
adenovirus
influenza virus
bacteriophage
HIV
Hepatitis B
Ebola virus
Adenovirus
Influenza
Bacteriophage
what are the structures of virus
- individual capsomere
- fibres for host cell attachment
- trianglular face
Adenovirus (common cold)
influenza
- neuraminidase
- hemagglutinin
influenza
- neuraminidase
- hemagglutinin
- M1 - structure holding segmented RNA (part of capsid)
- M2 - protein channel
coronavirus structure
ACE-2 receptor used to get into cell
new one released
learn? lol
HIV
1. reverse transcriptase
learn the steps
cytomegalovirus is highest cases but least known about
- bacteria
- virus
- parasite
- Fas receptor
- Fas ligand
- Viral peptide
- CD8+ killer T Cell
- Virus-infects host cell
- MHC-1 product
- Ag-specific receptor
- Lytic enzymes
steps virus uses to get into cell
What inhibits what part
- fusion inhibitor
- RTI, NRTI, NNRTI
- Integrase inhibitors
- PIs
- Anionic polymers
- Enfuvirtide, CD4 inhibitors, Chemokine receptor inhibitors
- NRTIs, NNRTIs
- Integrase inhibitors
- PIs
where do the protease inhibitors inhibit?
where do the fusion inhibitors inhibit
fusing membranes
integrase
what would this look like with a neuraminidase inhibitor?
prevent host cell from leaving to replicate more
(protozoa)
no distinct structure
malaria sporozoite
(protozoa)
flagella
Giardia cell
(protozoa)
no clear flagella
amoeba
What protozoa is this? What are the arrows pointing to?
Trypanosomiasis
-african sleeping sickness
parasite multiplying in blood
Life cycle of malaria parasite
infected mosquito bites human
sucks blood / releases parasites (some already done sexual reproduction)
SPOROZOITES
sporozoites reach liver
HYPNOZOITES
undergo multiple cyclic stages here
MEROZOITES
Liver releases merozoites
Merozoites go to red blood cells
-asexual reproduction
TROPHOZOITES
Trophozoites released
-male and female gametes
How people with sickle cell anemia have tolerance to malaria symptoms
growth needs hemoglobin and CO has a lot of hemoglobin so it isnt free
-no nutrient source
heme can block the antigen presenting cell
-no cytotoxic t cells
site of actions for what
a. drugs to treat acute attack (symptoms)
b. drugs for radical cure
-P.vivax and P. ovale only
c. drugs for chemoprophylaxis
d. drugs to prevent transmission
