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Anatomy of speech and hearing > Exam 2: Phonation > Flashcards

Exam 2: Phonation Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the corniculate carilages?

A

Assist in forceful adduction

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2
Q

Where are the cuneiform cartilages located?

A

Embedded in the aryepiglottic folds
-floaters

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3
Q

What is the function of the cuneiform cartilages?

A

Support and stiffen aryepiglottic folds - especially functional in closing and opening larynx during swallowing

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4
Q

what is the location and function of the cricoarytenoid joint?

A

Saddle joint at the base of arytenoid and top of the cricoid
-allows vocal folds to be adducted and abducted

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5
Q

What is the location and function of the cricothyroid joint?

A

-located between lateral cricoid surface and inferior horn of the thyroid
- Used for pitch adjustment, increases tension on vocal folds

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6
Q

Where is the vestibule located?

A
  • area above false vocal folds
  • Supraglottal space
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7
Q

where is the Aryepiglottic fold?

A

Superior margin of vestibule

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8
Q

Where are the ventricular folds?

A

Inferior boundary of aditus

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9
Q

Infraglottal space

A

Superior margin - vocal fold
Inferior margin - cricoid cartilage

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10
Q

What is the laryngeal ventricle?

A

Space between the true and false vocal folds
inside - mucous gland

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11
Q

where are the vocal folds?

A

Under Ventricle
- attached to the interior of thyroid angle

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12
Q

Where is the Pyriform Sinus?

A

Bounded laterally by thyroid cartilage & cartilage membrane

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13
Q

where is the valleculae?

A

Between root of the tongue and epiglottis

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14
Q

What is the Glottis?

A

The space between the true vocal folds

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15
Q

What is an Extrinsic muscle?

A

A muscle that has one attachment to the laryngeal structure and one attachment outside
Function: position/support larynx

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16
Q

What is an intrinsic muscle?

A

A muscle that has the origin and insertion located within the larynx
Function: open and close the larynx and vary length and tension of VF to change pitch

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17
Q

What are the 5 intrinsic muscles?

A

Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle (LCA)
Arytenoid (Interarytenoid - IA)
Posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA)
Cricothyroid (CT)
Thyroarytenoid

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18
Q

What is the function of the Lateral Cricoarytenoid Muscle (LCA)?

A

Function: adduct vocal folds & increase medial compression
Course: up and back
INTRINSIC

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19
Q

What is the location of the Lateral Cricoarytenoid Muscle (LCA)?

A

Origin: Superior lateral surface, cricoid
Insertion: muscular process arytenoid

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20
Q

What is the function of the Transverse Arytenoid Muscle?

A

Function: adduct vocal folds
Course: laterally
ONLY UNPAIRED INTRINSIC MUSCLE

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21
Q

Where is the Transverse Arytenoid muscle?

A

Origin: lateral margin; posterior arytenoid
Insertion: lateral margin of opposite arytenoid

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22
Q

what is the function of the Oblique Arytenoid Muscle?

A

Function: adducts Vocal Folds
Course: Obliquely up

23
Q

Where is the Oblique Arytenoid Muscle?

A

Origin: posterior base of muscular process
Insertion: Apex of opposite arytenoid

24
Q

Define the Bernoulli Effect

A

Given a constant volume flow, there will be a decrease in pressure perpendicular to the flow (on the wall) and an increase in velocity at a point of constriction in the flow

25
According to the Bernoulli Effect, if constrict tube and volume is held same what happens to the velocity (rate)?
The velocity increases
26
What are the 3 stages of phonation?
1. Onset 2. Sustained phonation 3. Offset
27
What are the 3 types of vocal attacks?
Simultaneous attack "zero" Breathy attack "hairy" Glottal attack "aesop"
28
What is a simultaneous attack "zero"?
breath stream starts as folds adduct
29
What is a breathy attack "hairy"?
Breath stream starts before folds adduct
30
What is a glottal attack "aesop"?
Breath stream starts after folds adduct
31
What happens in the Offset Stage?
Phonation is terminated when vocal folds abduct. Once vocal folds are far enough apart the pressure drops and the folds will no longer sick together
32
Fundamental Frequency
Lowest frequency of the complex phonatory source
33
Optimal Frequency
The average fundamental frequency at which vocal folds vibrate most efficiently (resonant frequency)
34
Habitual Frequency
The average fundament frequency at which an individual's vocal folds vibrate during normal speech
35
Average rate of vibration for children
250 Hz
36
Average rate of vibration for males
120 Hz
37
Average rate of vibration for females
220 Hz
38
What happens during onset?
The attack stage that occurs when the vocal folds adduct
39
what happens during sustained phonation?
The holding out of phonation, it is kept going by the combination of subglottal pressure, glottal airflow, intraoral pressure, degree of constriction of the vocal folds, and the elasticity and tension of the vocal folds
40
Average pitch for children
350 Hz
41
Average pitch for males
120 Hz
42
Average pitch for females
240
43
Mylohyoid
Forms floor of the mouth Mandible to hyoid ONLY UNPAIRED EXTRINSIC MUSCLE
44
Throhyoid
Functions as an elevator or depressor EXTRINSIC
45
Omohyoid
EXTRINSIC two bellies Omo-shoulder
46
Sternothyroid
Deepest infrahyoid muscles EXTRINSIC
47
Cricothyroid (CT)
INTRINSIC Function: lengthens the vocal folds to increase pitch MAJOR MUSCLE FOR INCREASING PITCH two parts: pars oblique and pars recta
48
Thyrovocalis
INTRINSIC Function: increases vocal fold tension to increase pitch Inner surface of the thyroid angle to the vocal process of the arytenoids fifth layer of the vocal folds
49
Thyromuscularis
INTRINSIC Function: adducts and shortens the vocal folds (VF relax) Thyroid angle to the muscular process of the arytenoids
50
Squamous epithelium
Outer layer of the vocal folds Helps maintain VF shape, protects the VFs and keeps them hydrated
51
Basement membrane
second layer of the vocal folds anchors the epithelium to the superficial lamina propria; made of collagen
52
Deep lamina propria
fourth layer of the vocal folds composed mostly of collagen, meant to be durable
53

Anatomy of speech and hearing (5 decks)

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