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BMS 213 > Exam 2 Objectives > Flashcards

Exam 2 Objectives Flashcards

1
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

How badly water wants to leave a cell.

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2
Q

What does osmotic pressure depend on?

A

Depends on solute concentration of medium cell is in.

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3
Q

What is a hypotonic medium?

A

High solute concentration in cell, low out cell, cell could lyse open.

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4
Q

What is a hypertonic medium?

A

Low solute concentration in cell, high out cell, cell dehydrates (shrinks).

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5
Q

What are halophiles?

A

Grow best in high NaCl concentration.

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6
Q

What are osmophiles?

A

Adapted to environments with high osmotic pressure.

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7
Q

What is a psychrophile?

A

Grows best at less than 15 degrees Celcius.

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8
Q

What is a mesophile?

A

Grows best at 20-40 degrees Celcius.

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9
Q

What is a thermophile?

A

Grows best at more than 40 degrees Celcius.

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10
Q

What is in a thioglycolate tube that serves as an indicator?

A

Has a green later of methylene blue, which turns green in the presence of O2.

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11
Q

How do we innoculate a thioglycolate tube?

A

Innoculate like normal, but don’t disturb media too much.

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12
Q

What is an aerobe?

A

Needs O2 to survive; only growth in the green layer.

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13
Q

What is a faculatative anerobe?

A

Can live with or without O2, growth throughout the entire tube.

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14
Q

What is an anaerobe?

A

Does not need O2, growth in only bottom/yellow layer of the tube.

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15
Q

How do we innoculate a fermentation broth?

A

Innoculate the broth like normal.

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16
Q

What pH indicator is in the fermentation tubes?

A

Contains the pH indicator Bromocresolpurple, which turns yellow if pH drops.

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17
Q

What does it mean if the tube turns yellow?

A

Fermentation has occurred.

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18
Q

What is special about one of the oxidation/fermentation tubes?

A

One tube has a layer of oil on top to keep O2 out of the broth.

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19
Q

What pH indicator is in the oxidation/fermentation tubes?

A

They both contain the pH indicator bromothymol blue.

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20
Q

How do was innoculate the oxidation/fermentation tubes?

A

We innoculate it like normal.

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21
Q

What happens if both tubes turn yellow?

A

The bacteria are fermenters.

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22
Q

What happens if the non-oil turns yellow and the tube with oil turns green?

A

The bacteria performs oxidation.

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23
Q

What happens if both tubes are green?

A

Neither fermentation or oxidation took place.

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24
Q

What is a Durham tube?

A

A small, inverted test tube immersed in the broth.

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25
Q

What does a Durham tube do?

A

Added for the ease of seeing gas production.

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26
Q

How do we read a Durham tube?

A

If there is a small bubble in the tube, then gas was produced by the bacteria in the broth.

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27
Q

How do we innoculate a phenylalanine deaminase test?

A

Innoculate the slant like normal.

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28
Q

What do we add to the phenylalanine slant after incubation?

A

Add 5 to 10 drops of ferric chloride.

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29
Q

What happens if the phenylalanine slant remains yellow?

A

The bacteria does not produce the enzyme phenylalanine deaminase.

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30
Q

What happens if the phenylalanine slant turns green?

A

The bacteria does produce phenylalanine deaminase.

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31
Q

What does phenylalanine deaminase do?

A

Removes the amino group from the amino acid phenylalanine to produce phenyl pyruvic acid and ammonia.

32
Q

How do we innoculate a nitrate broth tube?

A

Inoculate the broth like normal.

33
Q

What do you add to the broth after incubation?

A

Nitrate A and Nitrate B.

34
Q

What happens if a red color is observed after Nitrate A and B is added?

A

The bacteria is positive for nitrate reductase.

35
Q

What happens if there is no color change observed after Nitrate A and B is added?

A

Add zinc powder to the tube.

36
Q

What happens if no color change is observed after zinc powder is added?

A

The bacteria is positive for nitrate reductase.

37
Q

What happens if a red color change is observed after zinc powder is added?

A

The bacteria is negative for nitrate reductase.

38
Q

What does ferric acid do?

A

Binds to the phenyl pyruvic acid and the resulting complex is a green-colored compound.

39
Q

What do nitrate A and B do?

A

React with nitrite to form a red dye.

40
Q

What does zinc powder do?

A

Reduces nitrate to nitrite.

41
Q

What is denitrification?

A

When an organism reduces nitrate (NO3) to nitrite (NO2), to nitric oxide (NO), to nitrous oxide (N2O), finally to dinitrogenous gas (N2).

42
Q

How do we inoculate a casein test and what is a positive result?

A

Inoculate 4 quadrant streak plate
If positive, the area around the bacteria becomes clear.

43
Q

How do we innoculate a gelatin test and what is a positive result?

A

Inoculate tube.
If positive, gelatin would be liquid at room temperature after being chilled.

44
Q

How do we innoculate a starch test and what is a positive result?

A

Inoculate 4 quadrant streak plate
Flood with iodine after incubation
If positive, the area around the bacteria will be lighter, instead of dark brown.

45
Q

How do we inoculate a lipid test and what is a positive result?

A

Inoculate a spirit-blue agar plate with a single line down the middle.
If positive, the area around the bacteria will be free of cloudiness (hold up to the light).

46
Q

How do we inoculate a DNA test and what is a positive result?

A

Streak plate with the indicator toluidine blue in it.
If positive, there is a pink/purple color change observed.

47
Q

What are the substrates and products in the casein plate?

A

The protein casein is broken down by the enzyme caseinase into shorter chains of amino acids.

48
Q

What media was used in the casein plate?

A

Skim milk agar.

49
Q

What are the substrates and products in the gelatin tube?

A

The protein gelatin is broken down by the enzyme gelatinase into shorter chains of amino acids.

50
Q

What media was used in the gelatin tube?

A

Nutrient gelatin.

51
Q

What are the substrates and products in the starch plate?

A

The carbohydrate starch is broken down by the enzyme alpha-amylase into dextrine (shorter chains of glucose).

52
Q

What media was used in the starch plate?

A

Starch agar.

53
Q

What are the substrates and products in the lipid plate?

A

Lipids are broken down by the enzyme lipase into glycerol and fatty acids.

54
Q

What media was used in the lipid plate?

A

Spirit-blue agar.

55
Q

What are the substrates and products in the DNA plate?

A

DNA is broken down by the enzyme DNase into nucleotides.

56
Q

What media was used in the DNA plate?

A

DNase agar.

57
Q

What is an antiseptic?

A

Antimicrobial used on a living surface.

58
Q

What is a disinfectant?

A

Antimicrobial used on a non-living object.

59
Q

How do you make a lawn of bacteria?

A

Dip a swab in broth.
Brush it over agar in 3 different directions.

60
Q

How do we inoculate a disk diffusion test?

A

Make a lawn of bacteria.
Dip black paper disk in test agent, and stick it to the agar.

61
Q

Why is ultraviolet light harmful to cells?

A

It causes thymine dimers.

62
Q

What is a thymine dimer?

A

A pair of abnormally chemically bonded adjacent thymine bases in DNA, resulting from damage by ultra-violet radiation.

63
Q

What does the killing power of UV light depend on?

A

Distance from the lamp.
Intensity of the UV light.
Time of exposure.

64
Q

How did we test the killing power of UV light in lab?

A

We inoculated a plate, covered one side with a paper towel, then exposed it to radiation (UV) for different amounts of time.

65
Q

What are the three ways moist heat can be used to kill microbes discussed in lab?

A

Boiling
Pasteurization
Autoclave

66
Q

Which way of moist heat can sterilize things?

A

Autoclave-steam under pressure.

67
Q

What are the two ways dry heat can be used to kill microbes discussed in lab?

A

Hot air oven
Incineration

68
Q

What is the thermal death point of an organism?

A

The lowest temperature that kills at a given time (10 min).

69
Q

What is the thermal death time of an organism?

A

The shortest time that kills at a given temperature.

70
Q

What is the antibiotic P10 and how does it inhibit bacterial growth?

A

Penicillin - cell wall inhibitor

71
Q

What is the antibiotic SXT and how does it inhibit bacterial growth?

A

Sulfa drug - folic acid production inhibitor

72
Q

What is the antibiotic Te30 and how does it inhibit bacterial growth?

A

Tetracyclin - protein synthesis inhibitor.

73
Q

What is the antibiotic B10 and how does it inhibit bacterial growth?

A

Bacitracin - cell wall inhibitor.

74
Q

What media do we use to test the susceptibility of organisms to different antibiotics?

A

Mueller-Hinton agar.

75
Q

How do we innoculate a test to test the susceptibility of organisms to different antibiotics?

A

Create a bacterial lawn.
Put antibiotic paper disks on agar.
Measure zone of inhibition.

BMS 213 (3 decks)

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