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Exam 2 - Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What monosaccharide do all three disaccharides have in common?

A

Glucose

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2
Q

_____ is the storage form of carbohydrates in animals, while _______ is the storage form in plants

A

Glycogen; starch

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3
Q

_______ link sugars together

A

glycosidic bonds

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4
Q

In a “D” carbohydrate isomer, the functional group is oriented to the ______, while it is oriented to the ______ in the “L” isomer

A

right; left

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5
Q

List the enzymes involved with carbohydrate digestion in autoenzymatic digesters vs. alloenzymatic digesters

A

Autoenzymatic: salivary and pancreatic amylase

alloenzymatic: ingested carbohydrates metabolized by microbes as energy sources; due to anaerobic conditions, sugars cannot be completely oxidized; lack carbohydrate digestive enzymes; amylolytic bacteria degrade starch, cellulolytic bacteria degrade cellulose (with assistance of fungi)

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6
Q

What are the end products of carbohydrate digestion in autoenzymatic digesters vs. alloenzymatic digesters?

A

Autoenzymatic: monosaccharides

Alloenzymatic: microbial cell mass, gasses (methane and CO2), heat, VFAs (main)

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7
Q

Name the three VFAs

A

propionate, acetate, butyrate

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8
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

In the cytoplasm of pretty much every cell

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9
Q

What are the products of glycolysis?

A

2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH

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10
Q

How many ATPs are formed in glycolysis?

A

4 formed, net gain of 2

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11
Q

What are the functions of glycolysis?

A

energy production

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12
Q

What is the purpose of the krebs cycle?

A

Producing energy for our cells

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13
Q

Where does the krebs cycle take place?

A

mitochondrial matrix in eukaryotes, cytoplasm in prokaryotes

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14
Q

How many ATP does the krebs cycle produce?

A

the krebs (or tca cycle) produces 1 GTP/ATP

Also produces 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 2 CO2

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15
Q

Does Krebs cycle require oxygen?

A

Yes, the krebs cycle is aerobic, as energy-rich molecules like NAD+ and FAD can only be retrieved from their reduced form once they transfer electrons to molecular oxygen

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16
Q

What is the difference between endopeptidases and exopeptidases?

A

Endopeptidases: hydrolyze peptide bonds within primary structure (break protein into smaller fragments → polypeptides)

Exopeptidases: cleave AA off terminal end of molecule

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17
Q

What is the difference between aminopeptidases and carboxypeptidases?

A

Carboxypeptidases: remove AA from carboxyl group end

Aminopeptidases: act on terminal AA with free amino group

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18
Q

In what part of the gastrointestinal tract do pepsin and rennin function?

A

stomach

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19
Q

What common crop plant contains trypsin inhibitors?

A

Raw soybeans (and other legume seeds and nuts)

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20
Q

Two amino acids are strictly ketogenic. Which two?

A

Leucine and lysine

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21
Q

____ is the mechanism of direct removal of an amino group

A

Deamination

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22
Q

How many reactions occur in the urea cycle?

A

Pathway involves 5 reactions; 2 in the mitochondria, 3 in the cytoplasm

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23
Q

List the possible fates of the carbon skeletons remaining after protein degradation

A

Don’t just “hang around,” are utilized by the body:
Gluconeogenesis
Ketogenesis
Oxidation

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24
Q

What happens to urea in the ruminant?

A

Ammonia is converted to urea in ruminants, and the urea is then excreted in urine

25
Name the linkage between two amino acids in a protein.
Peptide bond - amide linkages between the ɑ-carboxyl group of one amino acid and the ɑ-amino group of another
26
Differentiate between essential and nonessential amino acids. What are the essential amino acids? Why are they essential?
Essential - must be obtained from diet because they cannot be synthesized by the body (histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, theonine, tryptophan, valine) Nonessential - can be synthesized by body
27
Compared to carbohydrates, why are proteins unique?
Proteins contain nitrogen, carbohydrates do not Carbohydrates have identical repeating units, while proteins are made up of amino acids that are different from one another
28
Which amino acid is essential to chickens but not humans? How about to cats?
Cats: taurine Chickens: glycine
29
Name one amino acid from the following groups: acidic, basic, aromatic, and sulfur-containing.
Acidic (negative R): aspartic acid and glutamic acid Basic (positive R): lysine, arginine, histidine Aromatic (aromatic ring in R): phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan Sulfur-containing: methionine and cysteine
30
Give an example of a globular, fibrous, and conjugated protein.
Globular: albumin and globulin Fibrous: collagen, keratin, elastin, and fibrin Conjugated: lipoproteins, hemoproteins, glycoproteins, nucleoproteins
31
List the enzymes involved in protein digestion in the stomach and in the small intestine.
Stomach: pepsinogen, activated to pepsin by HCL Small intestine: trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, proelastase
32
What animals can utilize nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) and why?
Ruminants can utilize nonprotein nitrogen because the microbes in the rumen are able to convert nonprotein nitrogen to ammonia, which can be used to synthesize microbial proteins Digestion of microbes make synthesized protein available to the host
33
In monogastric animals, where does protein digestion begin?
Begins in the stomach with pepsinogen secretion, HCL activates pepsinogen to pepsin
34
What is the major digestive enzyme secreted by the stomach?
Pepsinogen/pepsin
35
Proteins that are not extensively degraded in the rumen are also called what?
Rumen undegradable protein (RUP) (may be referred to as “escaped” or “bypass” protein)
36
What happens to amino acids in the rumen?
Proteins and other nitrogenous compounds are degraded (fermented) in the rumen by miroorganisms Rumen bacteria produce proteases and peptidases that digest proteins, these enzymes are normally elaborated on to feed particles after the bacteria have attached to them, rather than being secreted into the rumen fluid
37
What are the functions of ornithine and citrulline?
Ornithine is a crucial intermediate in the urea cycle, where it acts as a carrier of nitrogen, facilitating the conversion of toxic ammonia into urea, a less toxic waste product that can be excreted by the kidneys citrulline is a key intermediate formed from ornithine and carbamoyl phosphate, playing a crucial role in the body's detoxification process by facilitating the removal of ammonia in the form of urea
38
In what form is nitrogen excreted in (a) swine and (b) chickens?
Swine: urea Chickens: uric acid
39
In the urea cycle, what does carbamoyl phosphate condense with? What does it to form?
Carbamoyl phosphate condenses with ornithine to form citrulline, a process catalyzed by the enzyme ornithine transcarbamoylase
40
Proteins can be used for what other metabolic processes?
Proteins are crucial for numerous metabolic processes, including acting as structural components, enzymes, hormones, and building blocks, as well as playing a role in energy production, nutrient transport, and immune function
41
Differentiate between deamination and transamination.
Deamination - direct removal of amino group from amino acids; two methods: oxidative (removal of amino and addition of oxygen) and non-oxidative (removal of amino through hydrolysis or reduction) Transamination - amino group from AA is transferred to a keto acid; provides a link between protein and carbohydrate metabolism → certain amino acids can use their C skeleton for glucose or ketose synthesis
42
What is protein quality? List the factors that affect protein quality.
how well a protein matches animal requirements (how well amino acid composition matches amino acid requirements) Factors affecting quality: Amino acid profile Content and balance of essential and nonessential amino acids Content of limiting amino acids Protein digestibility and bioavailability
43
What is a limiting amino acid? What are the two most common limiting amino acids in animal diets? Why?
essential amino acids that interrupt protein synthesis due to the limited amount of them and great demand for them two most common are lysine and methionine in US corn/soy-based diets because these diets are relatively low in those amino acids
44
Differentiate between digestibility and bioavailability.
Digestibility - efficiency w/ which body can break down feed and absorb nutrients Bioavailability - extent and rate at which a nutrient is absorbed and utilized by the body after it has been digested
45
List two in vivo tests for protein quality.
Protein efficiency ratio (PER) and net protein utilization (NPU)
46
Which bioassay method would you use to assess protein quality? Why?
Net protein utilization, as it takes digestibility into account
47
What is an amino acid score?
amino acid score = (mg of amino acid per g of test protein)/(mg of amino acid per g of reference protein) laboratory analysis of AA profiles using high-pressure liquid chromatography results compared to a reference, usually egg protein (albumen) quick and easy method to conduct; does not consider digestibility or palatability
48
In what important ways do starch and cellulose differ?
Starch is much easier to digest than structural carbohydrates (cellulose) Specific population of microbes that work on carbohydrates (amylolytic as opposed to cellulolytic) Cellulose fermentation produces more methane than starch fermentation
49
What are the disaccharides of nutritional significance?
maltose, sucrose, and lactose
50
Nutritionally important sugars are of the D-form or the L-form?
Nutritionally important sugars, or monosaccharides, are predominantly of the D-form Most naturally occurring monosaccharides are D-stereoisomers, and metabolic and digestive enzymes are specifically designed to work with them
51
What is considered the most important sugar in nutrition?
Glucose
52
Identify the two forms in which starch exist. Which form of starch is found in the animal body and which is found in plants?
Starch exists as amylose (straight chain) and amylopectin (branched chain) Carbohydrates are stored as starch in plants, and as glycogen in animals
53
What are the three principal fates of glucose after absorption?
1. Storage as glycogen 2. Oxidation for energy 3. Fatty synthesis and storage
54
How much ATP is generated during the complete oxidation of glucose under aerobic conditions?
38 ATP molecules
55
What is the readily available form of energy for cells?
ATP
56
The site of glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in the cell is ______ and ______.
Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm TCA cycle occurs in the mitochondria
57
_____________________ links glycolysis with the TCA cycle.
oxidation, pyruvate produced by glycolysis is oxidized to acetyl coA in the mitochondria, and the acetyl coA then enters the TCA cycle
58
The end-product of glycolysis under aerobic conditions is _____.
pyruvate
59
Acetyl CoA enters the TCA cycle and condenses with this 4-Carbon compound to form citrate _____.
Acetyl coA and oxaloacetate combine to form citric acid via citrate synthase

Nutrition (4 decks)

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