Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NRAD 201D > Exam 2 - Nut/Vit/Min/Wound healing > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Nut/Vit/Min/Wound healing Flashcards

1
Q

Properties of Fat soluble vitamins and which ones?

A
  • ADEK
  • Stored in liver and adipose tissue
  • Up to a year Reserve
  • need intermittent renewal
  • require healthy liver function
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Vitamin A Function

A
  • Rhodopsin precursor
  • formation and maintenance of mucosa
  • promotes healthy skin
  • Wound Healing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Forms of Vitamin A?

A

Retinol (preformed)
Beta-carotene (provitamin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Function of rhodopsin?

A

visual purple
Prevents glare blindness from Quick dark to light transition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Symptoms of too much Vitamin A?

A
  • roughness, scaling, weak hair
  • High A can interfere with D and Ca+ absorption
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How does Vitamin A promote wound healing?

A

Migration of
- Macrophages: engulf bacteria
- Monocytes: cytokines stim. Inflammation
- Fibroblasts: contractile properties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Function of healthy skin and mucosa?

A
  • First line of defense.
  • Bacteria get trapped on mucosa and cannot penetrate intact skin.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Symptoms of Vit A Deficiency?

A
  • glare / night blindness
  • xerophthalmia : dry eye
    —Low mucosa
    —Conjunctival and corneal changes
    Keratinization : dry scaly skin
  • reduced saliva secretion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Dietary Sources of Vitamin A

A

Retinol: animal sources
Beta-carotene
- found as carotenoids in plant Foods
- orange foods and spinach
- carrots, cantaloupe, apricots, tomato juice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is vitamin D a precursor for?

A

D is precursor (prohormone) that must be activated
calcitriol = activated vitamin D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Dietary sources of Vitamin D?

A

D3: cholecalciferol
Animal sources: Fish, eggs, fortified foods
Skin synthesis: UV rays

D2: ergocalciferol
Plant sources: Mushrooms, yeast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Function of calcitriol?

A
  • Stimulates absorption of Ca+ and Phosphorus
  • Cooperates with parathormone and calcitonin in calcium cycle
  • Develop strong bones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Vitamin D deficiency

A
  • Rickett’s: Bone growth retardation
  • Low Ca+ in blood = osteoclastic activity (breakdown) = osteoporosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Vitamin E Function

A
  • anti-inflammatory
  • Antioxidant: destroys free radicals
  • Wound Healing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Vitamin E’s role in wound healing?

A
  • Anti-oxidant properties prevents lysis of cells
  • Stabilizes cell walls
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are free radicals?

A
  • Unpaired electrons
  • destroy cells membranes
  • Initiate oxidation reactions → aging
  • Product of normal cell metabolism
  • Found in air pollutants
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Symptoms of Vitamin E Deficiency

A
  • Hemolytic anemia
  • Disrupts myelin sheath formation
  • Difficulty walking, neuropathy (numbness/tingling)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is hemolytic anemia?

A

(lysis = break)
- RBC membranes exposed to oxidation
- Rupture and leak contents (oxygen)
- cell death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Dietary sources of vitamin E

A

Vegetable oils (canola, safflower….)
Nuts, fortified cereals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Function of vitamin K

A
  • coagulation
  • clotting
  • prevents bone resorption
  • antidote for warfarin
  • wound healing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Role of Vitamin K in wound healing

A

Clotting Factors
- K Initiates liver synthesis of 4 clotting proteins (inactive precursors that depends on K for activation)
- Ca+ and K needed for fibrin clot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Vitamin K Deficiency: causes and symptoms

A

Liver disease
- Cannot synthesize clotting factors –> bleeding in gums, urine, stool

Newborns
- Sterile intestinal tract = no flora = no vit K
- At risk for hemorrhage
- Prophylactic K shot given at birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Vitamin K Dietary Sources

A

Menaquinone
- Missing in newborns
- Synthesized by intestinal bacteria

Phylloquinone
- Animal and plant foods
- Dark leafy greens, brussel sprouts, broccoli, asparagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

2 forms of vitamin K

A

Menaquinone
Phylloquinone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Properties of Water soluble vitamins and which ones?

A
  • Require acid for absorption
  • required daily replenishment
  • B1, B9, B12, Iron, C, Ca+
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Function of B1 / Thiamine

A

“energine”

  • Supports cellular energy for metabolism via TPP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is TPP?

A

thiamine pyrophosphate
Thiamine + phosphate = energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the function of TPP?

A

Stimulates glucose metabolism
Cannot generate glucose without TPP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the function of glucose?

A

Required for cellular energy
GI needs glucose to power further glucose absorption
CNS runs on glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Symptoms of B1 deficiency?

A
  • Hindered lipogenesis → Damaged myelin sheaths
    — Nerve pain, prickly/deadening sensations, paralysis
  • GI: Hindered GI function → reduced glucose absorption
  • CNS: Low cognition, fatigue
  • CV: cardiac failure → edema
  • MS: fatigue, heaviness

Chronic alcohol abuse interferes with B1 absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is a banana bag

A

B1/thiamine IV = given in ER to alcoholics

32
Q

Dietary sources of B1?

A
  • Whole or enriched grains
  • legumes
33
Q

Function of B9 / Folate

A
  • DNA synthesis and cell division
  • Need B9 and B12 to make hemoglobin and myelin sheath
34
Q

Role of B9 / folate in pregnancy

A
  • Coenzyme in DNA synthesis and cell division
  • Component in Thymine (nitrogenous base) in DNA that controls genetic characteristics
  • Supplement before and during
35
Q

Symptoms of B9 deficiency

A
  • Megaloblastic anemia
  • Spina Bifida
  • Alcohol interferes with absorption
  • glossitis ( red, sore tongue)

Low B9 may mask low B12 due to identical anemia

36
Q

What is megaloblastic anemia?

A
  • Mega = large
  • Blast = immature cell (RBC)
  • Large cell, but not functional.
  • Cannot carry O2
  • short lifespan
37
Q

What is spina bifida?

A
  • Neural tube defect
  • Spinal cord and coverings fail to develop normally
  • Fail to close during embryonic development
38
Q

Dietary sources of B9

A
  • Supplements and fortified foods
  • Dk. green leafy vegetables
  • Legumes, chicken liver
39
Q

function of B12 / cobalamin

A
  • Need B9 and B12 to make hemoglobin and myelin sheath
  • important for protein metabolism
  • wound healing
40
Q

Role B12 plays in wound healing

A
  • Supports metabolic rate = energy
  • Stimulates cell proliferation (multiplication)
  • Granulation tissue = new wound tissue
41
Q

Symptoms of B12 deficiency

A
  • Low B9 may mask low B12
  • Megaloblastic anemia
  • pernicious anemia
  • Neurological symptoms only in B12 not B9: Headache, Fatigue
  • long term = irreversible neurologic impairment
  • Pallor
  • glossitis ( red, sore tongue)
42
Q

Who is at risk for B12 deficiency and why?

A

At risk: vegans and elderly

Elderly
- low appetite = low dietary intake

No plant source of B12
- vegans must supplement

43
Q

What causes B12 deficiency?

A
  • low gastric acid and IF
  • Need HCl- and IF (intrinsic factor) for absorption
  • IF made by parietal cells in stomach
  • Deficiency can be caused by gastrectomy, age, antacids
    High age → low HCl-
44
Q

Why would you need to supplement B12 and how?

A

Must supplement direct to bloodstream if low in HCl- and/or IF

  • IM
  • intranasal
  • Sublingual
    Nose and mouth are high in capillaries
45
Q

What is pernicious anemia?

A
  • Decrease in RBC due inability to absorb B12 in intestine
  • Used to be fatal until B12 injections
46
Q

Dietary Sources of B12

A

Animal products and fortified foods

47
Q

Function of Vitamin C / ascorbic acid?

A

C = “cement”
Ascorbic = anti scurvy

  • Immune system
    — Protects neutrophils from oxidative stress during early immune response
  • Antioxidant
  • Mineral deposition
    — Maintenance of bone matrix , cartilage, collagen
  • Stimulates iron absorption
    — C and iron should be taken together
  • Wound Healing
48
Q

Role of Vitamin C in wound healing?

A
  • Synthesis of collagen
  • angiogenesis: Collagen builds strong capillary walls
  • Iron aids collagen synthesis
  • Low iron = low wound strength
  • Stim. scar tissue
49
Q

Symptoms of vitamin C Deficiency?

A
  • Poor wound healing
  • Easy bruising
  • Petechiae
  • Weak bones
  • Scurvy
50
Q

What is Petechiae?

A

Pinpoint skin hemorrhages

51
Q

What is Scurvy?

A

Clogged follicles, wounds open, sores form, swelling
Can lead to death from bleeding or infection

52
Q

Dietary Sources of Vitamin C

A

Citrus fruits and juices
Tomatoes, bell peppers, strawberries, potatoes

53
Q

How is Iron absorbed?

A
  • Needs HCl- to be liberated from protein
  • Need Vit C to absorb
54
Q

Function of Iron

A
  • Iron makes hemoglobin with B9 and B12
  • Aids collagen synthesis with Vit C
  • Wound Healing
55
Q

How is Iron stored?

A

Stored as ferritin in liver, spleen, bone marrow
70% in RBCs

56
Q

How does hemoglobin work?

A

Oxygen binds to hemoglobin
Iron = hemo
Globin = transport protein

57
Q

Iron’s role in wound healing?

A
  • Prevents anemia
  • Optimizes tissue perfusion
  • Low iron = low wound strength (collagen)
58
Q

Causes of Iron deficiency

A

low HCl-
Malabsorption due to intestinal issues: celiac, crohn’s…

59
Q

symptoms of iron deficiency

A
  • fatigue, muscle weakness, pallor (paleness)
  • Iron deficiency anemia
  • pale conjunctiva
  • blue sclerae
  • atrophy of papillae on tongue
  • spoon shaped nails
  • pallor
60
Q

what is Iron deficiency anemia

A
  • Pale cells, low qty, small size
61
Q

dietary sources of iron

A

Liver meat, chicken, fish, whole grains, fortified foods

62
Q

Where is calcium found in the body?

A

99% found in bones and teeth
1% circulates in blood

63
Q

Function of calcium

A
  • Ca+ and phosphorus: Provide strength and rigidity to skeleton
  • Nerve transmission: Muscle contraction/ relaxation
  • Wound Healing: Ca+ and K form fibrin clot
64
Q

How is calcium absorbed?

A

D –> kidney = calcitriol
calcitriol –> Ca+ absorption in sml. intestine

65
Q

Symptoms of Ca+ Deficiency

A
  • Osteoporosis
  • Chvostek’s Sign
  • Trousseau’s Sign
  • tetany /muscle spasms
66
Q

What is Chvostek’s Sign

A

Facial reflex from tapping on nerve

67
Q

What is Trousseau’s Sign

A

Carpel reflex from BP cuff

68
Q

What is osteoporosis

A

Low Ca+ = bone demineralization

69
Q

Causes of Ca+ Deficiency/resorption

A
  • Hypothyroidism = low parathormone → less mobilizing of Ca+ to bone –> Osteoclastic activity
  • Low mobility = low bone density
    Need mechanical stimulation for bone formation (osteoblastic activity)
  • Lactose intolerance
    Geriatric pop = higher intolerance = low Ca+ in diet
70
Q

Dietary sources of calcium

A

Dairy products, dk. Green vegetables, fortified foods

71
Q

Function of Protein

A
  • structural material of every cell in the body
  • Growth and tissue repair
  • precursors to enzymes
  • combine with iron to form hemoglobin
  • Globulin = antibodies fight infection
  • Albumin (attracts water) = balance blood fluids
  • buffer the blood
  • potential energy source
  • Collagen deposition
  • Angiogenesis: new vessel formation
  • Wound contraction
72
Q

Symptoms of protein deficiency?

A
  • dull, dry, brittle hair and nails
  • easily plucked hair with no pain
  • hair loss
  • loss of hair pigment
  • poor wound healing
  • edema
73
Q

Symptom of glucose deficiency

A

headache
low energy

74
Q

What causes D deficiency?

A
  • Celiac and crohn’s = malabsorption = deficiency
  • low sun exposure
75
Q

Symptom of high folate

A

→ stim. growth of existing tumors in colon

NRAD 201D (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions