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Psych 101 > Exam 2 - Neuroscience > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Neuroscience Flashcards

1
Q

Neurons

A

Are used to send out messages from place to place in a multicellular organism.

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2
Q

Cell body or soma of a neuron

A

The same as other cells, DNA in the nucleus to make the necessary proteins for the cell.

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3
Q

Mitochondria

A

Provides energy for the cell.

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4
Q

Dendrite

A

Branches off the cell, specialized to receive information(input).

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5
Q

Axon

A

Always the output, but sends messages over long distances.

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6
Q

Axon terminals

A

The true output consisting of microns that are a 10th of a mm long.

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7
Q

How long is the longest Axon?

A

2 meters

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8
Q

Axon Hillock

A

Where the cell and axon connect

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9
Q

Myelin

A

Fatty sheets that are wrapped around the axon and helps send messages faster.

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10
Q

What do neurons act like and what kind of insulation do the have?

A

They act like a wire with cable like properties and are bad insulators because of the cell membrane.

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11
Q

How Fast does voltage travel in an axon and what happens as it travels?

A

The voltage travels at the speed of light but leaks out as it travels.

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12
Q

Action potential

A

Stored form of energy/ the voltage we measure when the cell is active.

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13
Q

Resting potential

A

The neuron is not being used

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14
Q

What is the voltage outside and inside of a neuron?

A

It is positive on the outside and negative in the inside.

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15
Q

What chemicals are inside of the axon and what chemicals are outside?

A

Potassium is always on the inside and the sodium is on the outside.

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16
Q

NaK pump

A

Sodium creeps inside the cell but the pump immediately kicks it out while pulling in extra potassium inside to even out the negative charge in order to repel the sodium atoms.

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17
Q

Thershold

A

Change in voltage to open the channel to let sodium in and potassium out due to concentration level

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18
Q

Action potential

A

All or nothing.

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19
Q

Refractory period

A

A period of rest that makes the Nerón rest and can’t fire again until it is ready.

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20
Q

Node

A

A gap between the myelin that allows the sodium to enter and also allows the action potential to skip forward allowing it to travel faster

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21
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Carries a signal across a gap to a new dendrite

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22
Q

Vesicles

A

Stored neurotransmitters that can release due to the osmotic force

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23
Q

Sport synaptic potential

A

Triggers voltage drop of a threshold in a dendrite

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24
Q

Reuptake

A

Recycled energy but cannot be reused because it’s not in the dendrite

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25
Serotonin
A neurotransmitter that helps with your well-being and happiness but not having enough can lead to depression
26
SSRI
The drug that blocks serotonin levels
27
Acetylcholine
The first transmitter ever discovered. Goes into a receptor, breaks-down, also lets your nervous system talk to the skeletal muscles. Helps creat memories but lacking this can cause Alzheimer’s disease
28
Dopamine
A reward system in your brain that gives pleasure but having too much can make you have schizophrenia. Also controls motor activity in the brain. Having too little can make you have Parkinson’s disease
29
Autonomic nervous system
Controls the internal organ glands
30
Peripheral and somatic Nervous System
Controls muscles, joints and movement
31
Sympathetic N.S.
Control of your emotional state that determines last minute action.
32
Parasympathetic nervous system
Allows for rest and digestion. Also restores your body to its original state.
33
How is the brain protected?
With the use of the skull and the meninges
34
The meninges
Layer of membrane that protects the brain
35
Cerebrospinal fluid
Gel like substance that can’t hold its own weight but is in the skull and is a shock absorber for the brain
36
Blood-brain
Helps keep the chemicals in your brain constant
37
Saggital brain
Brain cut in half
38
Fore brain
Outside parts of the brain
39
Mid-brain
Center of the brain
40
Hind brain
Posterior brain
41
Reticular formation
Forms the brain together with the hind brain and center. Resides in the brain stem and helps with change in arousal,sleeping,and attention
42
Brain stem
Uses mid fore and hind brain
43
Cerebellum
Controls Moyer controls, specifically ballistic movement
44
Balístico movement
Thrown movement that all the commands happen from your cerebellum to the muscles
45
Substatia nigra
Black stuff in the mid brain. Important for motor function. Without it can cause Parkinson’s disease
46
Colliculi
In control of sensation and perception. It’s takes info from the eyes to figure out where something is.
47
Blind sight
The eyes are unable to give information to the brain
48
Hypothalamus 3 things in control of
Motivated behaviors 1 food 2 fight or flight 3 love
49
Thalamus
Sensory relay station that extends messages all the way up to the cortex
50
Basel ganglia
Has a lot to do with motor control
51
Limbic system
In charge of emotions
52
Amygdala
Causes fear
53
Septum
Relief part of the brain and controls the amygdala
54
Hippocampus
Memory structure of the brain | STM———LTM
55
Frontal lobe
In Charge of motor control
56
Parietal lobe
In charge of sensation
57
Occipital lobe
Being able to see
58
Temporal
In charge of hearing
59
Psycophysics
The view of the real world and how we view it.
60
Absolute threshold
The smallest amount of stimulus energy we can detect
61
Difference threshold
The difference in the amount of stimulus we can distinguish
62
Transduction
Changing energy to one form to another
63
How does energy get coded?
The eyes code the information to send it through the neurons
64
Soaticial anatomic
Different axons/neurons sending different information
65
Retina
The sheet that uses photoreceptors that turn it into a membrane potential
66
Light adaptions
Takes a couple of second to adapt because the photon energy breaks down the chemicals from dark adaptation
67
Dark adaptation
20-30 min to adapt to a fully dark room
68
Post synaptic potential
A voltage change at a receptor site on a cell memebrain
69
Excitatory PSP
Increases the the likelihood of an action potential with a positive voltage shift
70
Inhibitory PSP
A negative voltage drop that decreases the likelihood of an action potential
71
What are two different types of coding?
Temporal and spacal
72
Temporal coding
Intensity of a stimulus
73
Spacal coding
Where a stimulus is going

Psych 101 (2 decks)

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