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MTP > Exam 2: Neuroscience > Flashcards

Exam 2: Neuroscience Flashcards

1
Q

What is the nervous system?

A

A complex organ with an intricate network of excitable cells

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2
Q

What is are the mechanism of the nervous system?

A
  1. CNS (brain and spinal)
  2. PNS (spinal and cranial nerves)
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3
Q

How many neurons are in the brain?

A

10^11

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4
Q

What is the difference between the CNS and PNS?

A

CNS: integration and command center

PNS: carries message to and from spinal and brain

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5
Q

What is the cell body?

A

Nucleus of a neuron

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6
Q

What are dendrites?

A

The receptive region of the neuron transmitting pulse to the cell body

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7
Q

What is an axon?

A

Transmits impulse away from the cell body

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8
Q

Where is action potential first developed?

A

Axon hilcock

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9
Q

What are presynaptic terminals?

A

Contains neurotransmitters and releases them down to the synapse and next neuron

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10
Q

What is a bundle of axons called?

A

Nerves

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11
Q

What are sensory (affernt) neurons?

A

Brings info to the nervous system using sensory receptors in the periphery

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12
Q

What neurons are associated with afferent neurons?

A
  1. Visual
  2. Olfactory
  3. Audio
  4. Tast
  5. Chemeorecptors
  6. Touch
  7. Muscle spindles
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13
Q

Where are sensory signals transmitted to?

A

Cerebral cortex

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14
Q

What are motor neurons?

A

Carries info from CNS to periphery

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15
Q

What do motor neurons control?

A

Skeletal muscles and external sensory organs

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16
Q

What type of neurons have voluntary control?

A

Motor (efferent)

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17
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

Efferent pathways from CNS that innnervate cardiac and smooth muscles and glands

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18
Q

Is the ANS voluntary or involuntary?

A

Involuntary

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19
Q

What are the divisions of the ANS?

A
  1. Sympathetic NS
  2. Parasympathetic NS
  3. Enteric NS
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20
Q

What are the neurons associated with the ANS?

A
  1. Preganglionic neurans
  2. Postganglionic neurons
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21
Q

What is difference between pre and post ganglionic neurons?

A

Pre: Cell bodies that are in the CNS and axons synapse in the autonomic ganglia

Post: Cell bodies in the autonomic ganglia synapse with effector organs

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22
Q

What controls blood vessels?

A

Sympathetic tone

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23
Q

What are the types of glial cells?

A
  1. Astrocytes
  2. Oligodendrocytes
  3. Schwann cells
  4. Microglia
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24
Q

What are astrocytes?

A

Star-shaped cells that envelop the cappillaries of the BBB supporting the netabolic functions of neurons

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25
Q

What are oligodendrocytes?

A

Produce myelin in the CNS

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26
Q

What are Schwann cells?

A

Produce myelin in the PNS

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27
Q

What is microglia?

A

Undergo phagocytosis to destroy cellular debris, activates from inflammation or injury

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28
Q

How was the blood brain barrier discovered?

A

Dye was injected in the blood all organs were stained but the brain

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29
Q

What is the blood brain barrier composed of?

A

Capillary endothelial cells are linked by tight junctions form the BBB

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30
Q

How is the BBB anchors to the brain?

A

Astrocytes

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31
Q

What is the purpose of the BBB?

A
  1. Limits permeability of most molecules
  2. Membrane transports move glucose to brain
  3. Protects organ from hormones, chemicals, and harmful substances
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32
Q

What is the unstimulated neuronal resting potential?

A

-70mV

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33
Q

What is the purpose of an electrical gradient in a neuron membrane?

A

Develops by one side having a positive or negative charge and the other has the opposing charge

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34
Q

What is the purpose of a chemical gradient in a neuron membrane?

A

Develops when there are more of 1 ion than the other side

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35
Q

What is an electrochemical gradient?

A

The sum of electrical and chemical forces across the cell membrane

36
Q

How is membrane potential generated?

A

Imbalances of charges across a membrane

37
Q

How is the resting potential created?

A

When there is an uneven distribution of K+, Cl-, and Na+

38
Q

What happens when we generate ionic concentration across the lipid bilayer?

A

Cell membranes are able to store potential energy in the form of an electrical gradient

39
Q

Where is Na+ and K+ located in regards to the cell?

A

Na+ is found on the outside, K+ is on the inside

40
Q

What is an ionic gradient?

A

Movement of solutes against their concentration gradient requiring ATP

41
Q

What is the purpose of active transport within a cell membrane?

A

Equires ATP to moke ions against their concentration gradient as Na+ leaks in and K+ leaks out

42
Q

What is the function of Na+/K+ ATPase?

A

Enzyme that uses energy pump 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ into cell

43
Q

How much ATP does the sodium-potassium pump use?

A

30% of the cell’s ATP

44
Q

What are the electrical components of intercellular fluid?

A
  1. Low Na+
45
Q

What are the electrical components of extracellular fluid?

A
  1. Low K+
  2. High Na+
  3. High Cl-
46
Q

What happens if Na+ and Ca++ channels open?

A

Depolorize the cell

47
Q

What happens if K+ and Cl- channels open?

A

Hyperpolarization

48
Q

What is the function of ion channels?

A

Allows ions to to flow with their concentration gradient

49
Q

When would ion channels switch between open and close?

A

Changes in the membrane potential will stimulate voltage-gated or sensitive channels

50
Q

What is an excitable membrane?

A

Membranes containing voltage-sensitive ion channels

51
Q

What controls a channels?

A

Size and charges of amino acids lining the channel

52
Q

What controls a voltage-gated channel?

A

Controlled by the electrical state of the cell

53
Q

What controls a chemically-gated channels?

A

Controlled by messenger molecules or ligands

54
Q

What are open channel (pores)?

A

Gates that are open most of the time

55
Q

What are mechanically-gated channels?

A

Controlled by physical state of cell (temperature, preasure, stretch) associated with sensory neurons

56
Q

What creates the post synaptic potential?

A

Change in the resting potential caused by the activation of a gated channel

57
Q

What are the types of postsynaptic potential?

A
  1. Exicatory
  2. Inhibitory
58
Q

What is an excitatory (EPSP)?

A

When the membrane depolarizes causing an movement of Na and Ca making it easier to fire an action potential

59
Q

What is an inhibitory (IPSP)?

A

Membrane hyperpolarizes causing a movement of K and Cl making it harder to fire and action potential

60
Q

What is the difference between temporal and spatial summation?

A

T: How often or close a potential is given

S: How many differnt potentials are fired at together

61
Q

Describe the net summation of EPSPs and IPSPs?

A

Is reflected in trigger zone of the axon hillock

62
Q

What is the purpose of hitting a threshold potential?

A

Producing a significnant changein membrane potential will initiate the neuron

63
Q

What occurs during additive summation?

A
  1. 3 neurons fire but each is bellow the graded potential
  2. At the trigger zone potentials are added together
  3. Thereshold is achieved and action potential is generated
64
Q

What occurs during inhibitory summation?

A
  1. Having inhibitory and exicitory neurons fire at the same time
  2. No action potential is generated because signal at trigger zone is too weak
65
Q

What occurs during an action potential for either depolarization or repolarization?

A

Proceeds down the axon the postynaptic terminal

66
Q

What happens when a presynaptic terminal has been depolarizaed?

A

Ca++ mediated, synaptic vescicle fuse with membrane releasing neurotransmitters to stimulate or inhibit postsynaptic neurons

67
Q

Where are signaling molecules after the axon?

A

Traveling down the synaptic cleft to bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron

68
Q

What is a neuronal action potential?

A

Transmembrane electrical current governed by ionic fluxes through membrane

69
Q

What happens to channels at the resting state?

A

Both Na+ and K+ channels are closed

70
Q

What are the types of Na+ voltage-gated channels?

A
  1. Activation gates
  2. Inactivation gates
71
Q

What is the difference between activation and inactivation gates?

A

A: Closed at resting

I: open at resting

72
Q

What events occur during the depolarization phase?

A
  1. Once neuron threshold potential is achieve, action pontential is fired and Na+ channel activation gates open causing an rapid infflux of Na+ into the cell
  2. Na+ permeability increases
  3. K+ channels are still closed
73
Q

What is threshold potential?

A

The critical level of depolarization required to fire an action potential

74
Q

What events occur during the repolarization phase?

A
  1. Na+ inactivation channels close
  2. Voltage sensitive K+ gated channels open
  3. K+ restores resting potential
75
Q

What events occur during the hyperpolarization phase

A

K+ channels close slowly

76
Q

Why is hyperpolarization important?

A
  1. Neuron is insensitive to stimulus slowing down the firing of a neuron (relative refractory period)
  2. Prevents nerve impulse from going backwards
  3. Move action potential down the membrane
77
Q

What is the critical difference between K+ and Na+ channels?

A

K+ channel close slowly

78
Q

What is the mechanism of action for phenytoin?

A

Blocks Na+ channels by closing the inactivation gates

79
Q

What is the mechanism of action for lidocaine?

A

Blocks action potential by blocking Na+ channels in sensory axons (no pain)

80
Q

What occurs during unidirectional propagation?

A
  1. Generation of action potential at the axon hillock
  2. Action poential propagates in one direction because of (relative refactory period), hyperpolariation, and inactivated Na+ channels
  3. First segment returns to resting state and can fire another action potention
81
Q

What is the myelin sheath?

A

Insulates neurons and forms nodes of ranvier made of lipids and protein

82
Q

What is conduction velocity?

A

Speed of action potential

83
Q

What factors affect conduction velocity?

A
  1. Diameter of axon
  2. Presense or absense of myelin
84
Q

What is saltatory conduction?

A

Current travels inside the axon so the action potential jumps from node to node inscreading conduction velocity

85
Q

What is multiple sclerosis?

A

Autoimmune disease of the CNS demylination in the brain, optic, and spine slowing down nerve conduction

MTP (15 decks)

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