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Physiology 1 > Exam 2: Neurophysiology Part 2 - Vestibular system, Cerebellum, ANS > Flashcards

Exam 2: Neurophysiology Part 2 - Vestibular system, Cerebellum, ANS Flashcards

1
Q

what is vestibular system and where is it located

A

A bilateral receptor located in the inner ear

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2
Q

What does the vestibular system inform brain of (5)

A

Position and motion of the head

Sense of equilibrium and balance

Static tilt of head

Linear acceleration of head (vertical and horizontal)

Rotary acceleration of head

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3
Q

What is the vestibular system composed of

A

3 semicircular ducts

Utricle and saccule

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4
Q

What are the receptor units (secondary receptor cells) in the vestibular system

A

Hair cells - functional unit of inner ear

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5
Q

Vestibular structures

A

Kinocilium

Stereocilia

Gelatinous mass at top

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6
Q

Difference between kinocilium and stereocilia

A

Kinocilium - largest cilium and rest are stereocilia

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7
Q

What is the gelatinous substance at top of vestibular strucutre

A

Makes cilia move and bend, causes channels (K channels) to open and determine which way the cilia bends

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8
Q

what joins cilia together

A

links of spiral proteins

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9
Q

Direction of bending determines response

A

Cilia bend toward kinocilium = depolarization (increased # AP)

Cilia bend away from kinocilium = hyperpolarization (decreased # AP)

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10
Q

What do the semicircular ducts and ampullae detect

A

Rotary acceleration and deceleration of the head

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11
Q

What enables detection of acceleration and deceleration

A

Inertia causes delay in endolymph acceleration

In deceleration, opposite occurs (inertia continues to move endolymph)

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12
Q

what causes bending of the hair cells in the vestibular system

A

the gelatinous cupula in the crista ampullaris displaces in a direction opposite to head’s rotation

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13
Q

what causes stimulation of crista ampullaris

A

starting and stopping acceleration

constant rotational velocity does not stimulate it

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14
Q

Depolarization and hyperpolarization of semicircular ducts

A

depolarization - increased AP frequency

hyperpolarization - decreased AP frequency

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15
Q

what do semicircular ducts provide brain with

A

info about direction and nature of head movement

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16
Q

What is the macula

A

receptor organ located in utricle and saccule

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17
Q

what are otholiths

A

“ear stones”

Heavy and dense layer above gelatinous layer that covers cilia

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18
Q

what does otoliths detect

A

linear acceleration and deceleration

Static head tilt

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19
Q

How otoliths behave in acceleration and head tilt

A

Head tilt - otoliths fall over and remain fallen over for as long as head is tilted

linear acceleration - otoliths lag behind producing bending of the hair cells

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20
Q

Orientation of utricle and saccule

A

Utricle macula - horizontally oriented

Saccule macula - vertically oriented

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21
Q

Parts of the vestibular nuclear complex (4)

A

Rostral vestibular nuclei

Medial vestibular nuclei

Lateral vestibular nuclei

Caudal vestibular nuclei

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22
Q

Vestibulo-occular reflexes (VOR)

A

Coordinate eye and head movements

When the head moves, the eyes remain fixed on original field of vision for as long as possible

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23
Q 
Definitions: 
Ataxia
Nystagmus 
Physiological nystagmus
Postrotatory nystagmus
Spontaneous nystagmus
Acute vestibular disease
A

Ataxia - loss of voluntary motor coordination

Nystagmus - involuntary repetitive eye movements

Physiological nystagmus - normal, occurs during VOR

Postrotatory nystagmus - the converse eye movement

Spontaneous nystagmus - associated with pathologies in the vestibular system

Acute vestibular disease - characterized by persistent head tilt, falling, circling, rolling

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24
Q

Functions of cerebellum

A

Timing and coordination of movement

Adjusting and modulating the output of the motor cortices, corticospinal tract, brainstem motor pathways, and spinal cord

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25
Q

Where is cerebellum located

A

above brainstem

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26
Q

Various peduncles of cerebellum (3)

A

Rostral cerebellar peduncle - axons going out of cerebellum (output)

Middle cerebellar peduncle - axons going into cerebellum (input)

Caudal cerebellar peduncle - both input and output axons

27
Q

Cells of the cerebellum and what layer they are in

A

Molecular layer:
Stellate cells
Basket cells
Axons of granule cells: parallel fibers

Purkinje cell layer (axons go to cerebellar nuclei):
Purkinje cells

Granule cell layer:
Golgi cells + granule cell bodies

28
Q

what kind of neruons are purkinje cells

A

GABAergic neurons - induce IPSPs

GABA receptor is ionotropic receptor (Cl- channel)

GABA receptor is a ligated gated channel - channel for chlorine
Chlorine goes into cell and makes cell more negative

29
Q

GABA synthesis

A

GABA synthesized from glutamate by enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase

High affinity transporters terminate actions of these transmitters and return GABA to synaptic terminals for reuse

30
Q

Regions of cerebral cortex that project to the cerebellum

A

Sensory association cortex of parietal lobe

Motor association areas of frontal lobe

31
Q

Divisions of the cerebellum and their inputs

A

Vestibulocerebellum - vestibular sensory inputs

Spinocerebellum - spinal and trigeminal sensory inputs, visual and auditory sensory inputs

Cerebrocerebellum - corticopontine inputs form motor cortices

32
Q

Where each cerebellum division goes and what they do

A

Vestibulocerebellum - to vestibular nuclei –> coordinated balance and eye movement

Spinocerebellum - to descending brainstem and corticospinal pathways –> proper execution of coordinated movement

Cerebrocerebellum - to motor cortices –> planning coordinated, properly timed movement sequences

33
Q

VOR and learned changes

A

Cerebellum helps reset VOR so eyes move appropriate distance in relation to head movement

Cerebellum plays role in motor learning and in fine-tuning of reflex behaviors such as in VOR

34
Q

Common clinical signs associated with cerebellar disease (6)

A

Wide based gait

Ataxia - walk in uncoordinated manner

Dysmetria - inappropriate measure of muscular contraction

Asynergia - failure on components of a complex multi-joint movement to occur in a coordinated fashion

Intention tremor - oscillating movement disorder that worsens when animal is moving

Nystagmus (if Vestibulocerebellum is damaged)

35
Q

Divisions of autonomic nervous system

A

Parasympathetic - rest and digest

Sympathetic - fight or flight

36
Q

Where is the enteric nervous system located

A

Wall of the gut

37
Q

What does ANS control

A

Visceral functions and glandular secretions in body maintaining homeostasis

38
Q

Somatic nervous system vs autonomic nervous system:

Number of efferent neurons

A

SNS - one efferent neuron

ANS - 2 efferent neurons, in series: preganglionic neuron and postganglionic neuron

39
Q

Somatic nervous system vs autonomic nervous system: Conduction speed

A

SNS - fast

ANS - slow

40
Q

Somatic nervous system vs autonomic nervous system: Ganglia?

A

SNS - no ganglia

ANS - Lots of ganglia

41
Q

Somatic nervous system vs autonomic nervous system: inhibitory or excitatory

A

SNS - EPSPs (aka EPP)

ANS - can induce EPSPs or IPSPs

42
Q

Somatic nervous system vs autonomic nervous system: motor end plate or varcosicties

A

SNS - motor end plate

ANS - varacosities

43
Q

Sympathetic nervous system characteristics (5)

A

Fight or flight

Perform vigorous physical activity

Increases HR, respiration, dilate pupils

Thoracolumbar origin

Short preganglionic neurons, long postganglionic neurons

44
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system characteristics (5)

A

Rest and digest

Conserve and store energy

Controls breathing at rest, digestion, excretion

Craniosacral origin

Long preganglionic neurons, short postganglionic neurons

45
Q

Cholinergic neurons: neurotransmitters and receptors

A

Neurotransmitters - acetylcholine

receptors - nicotinic, muscarinic

46
Q

Adrenergic neurons: neurotransmitter and receptors

A

Neurotransmitter - norepinephrine

Receptors - alpha, beta

47
Q

What type of neurons are preganglionic neurons in both divisions of ANS

A

Cholinergic neurons

48
Q

What are the receptors of all postganglionic neurons in both divisions of ANS

A

nicotinic

49
Q

Postganglionic parasympathetic neuron type and target tissue receptor

A

Cholinergic neuron

Muscarinic receptor

50
Q

Postganglionic sympathetic neuron type and target tissue receptor

A

Adrenergic neurons

Adrenergic receptors

51
Q

Adrenergic receptor a1

A

Sympathetic

Stimulatory G protein

2nd messenger - DAG, IP3 increased

increased calcium

52
Q

Adrenergic receptor a2

A

Sympathetic

inhibitory G protein

2nd messenger: cAMP decreased

decreased calcium

53
Q

Adrenergic receptor B1

A

Sympathetic

stimulatory G protein

2nd messenger cAMP increased

increased calcium

54
Q

Adrenergic receptor B2

A

Sympathetic

stimulatory G protein

2nd messenger cAMP increased

decreased calcium

55
Q

Cholinergic receptor: Muscarinergic receptor M1

A

Parasympathetic

stimulatory G protein

2nd messenger DAG, IP3 increased

increased calcium

56
Q

Cholinergic receptor: Muscarinergic receptor M2

A

Parasympathetic

inhibitory G protein

2nd messenger cAMP decreased

Opens K channels

decreased calcium and K

57
Q

Cholinergic receptor: Muscarinergic receptor M3

A

Parasympathetic

stimulatory G protein

2nd messenger DAG, IP3 increased

increased calcium

58
Q

Cholinergic vs adrenergic effects: eye

A

Cholinergic - pupillary constriction

Adrenergic - pupillary dilation

59
Q

Cholinergic vs adrenergic effects: heart

A

Cholinergic - decreased HR, conduction velocity, and contracting force

Adrenergic - increased HR, conduction velocity, and contraction force

60
Q

Cholinergic vs adrenergic effects: arterioles

A

Cholinergic - dilation

Adrenergic - constriction

61
Q

Cholinergic vs adrenergic effects: lungs

A

Cholinergic - bronchoconstriction

Adrenergic - bronchodilation

62
Q

Cholinergic vs adrenergic effects: urinary bladder

A

Cholinergic - contraction of detrusor muscle

Adrenergic - relaxation of detrusor muscle

63
Q

Cholinergic vs adrenergic effects: intestine

A

Cholinergic - increased motility and secretion

Adrenergic - decreased motility and secretion

Physiology 1 (4 decks)

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