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Physiology 1 > Exam 2: Neurophysiology Part 2 - Vestibular system, Cerebellum, ANS > Flashcards

Exam 2: Neurophysiology Part 2 - Vestibular system, Cerebellum, ANS Flashcards

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1
Q

what is vestibular system and where is it located

A

A bilateral receptor located in the inner ear

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2
Q

What does the vestibular system inform brain of (5)

A

Position and motion of the head

Sense of equilibrium and balance

Static tilt of head

Linear acceleration of head (vertical and horizontal)

Rotary acceleration of head

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3
Q

What is the vestibular system composed of

A

3 semicircular ducts

Utricle and saccule

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4
Q

What are the receptor units (secondary receptor cells) in the vestibular system

A

Hair cells - functional unit of inner ear

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5
Q

Vestibular structures

A

Kinocilium

Stereocilia

Gelatinous mass at top

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6
Q

Difference between kinocilium and stereocilia

A

Kinocilium - largest cilium and rest are stereocilia

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7
Q

What is the gelatinous substance at top of vestibular strucutre

A

Makes cilia move and bend, causes channels (K channels) to open and determine which way the cilia bends

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8
Q

what joins cilia together

A

links of spiral proteins

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9
Q

Direction of bending determines response

A

Cilia bend toward kinocilium = depolarization (increased # AP)

Cilia bend away from kinocilium = hyperpolarization (decreased # AP)

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10
Q

What do the semicircular ducts and ampullae detect

A

Rotary acceleration and deceleration of the head

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11
Q

What enables detection of acceleration and deceleration

A

Inertia causes delay in endolymph acceleration

In deceleration, opposite occurs (inertia continues to move endolymph)

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12
Q

what causes bending of the hair cells in the vestibular system

A

the gelatinous cupula in the crista ampullaris displaces in a direction opposite to head’s rotation

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13
Q

what causes stimulation of crista ampullaris

A

starting and stopping acceleration

constant rotational velocity does not stimulate it

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14
Q

Depolarization and hyperpolarization of semicircular ducts

A

depolarization - increased AP frequency

hyperpolarization - decreased AP frequency

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15
Q

what do semicircular ducts provide brain with

A

info about direction and nature of head movement

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16
Q

What is the macula

A

receptor organ located in utricle and saccule

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17
Q

what are otholiths

A

“ear stones”

Heavy and dense layer above gelatinous layer that covers cilia

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18
Q

what does otoliths detect

A

linear acceleration and deceleration

Static head tilt

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19
Q

How otoliths behave in acceleration and head tilt

A

Head tilt - otoliths fall over and remain fallen over for as long as head is tilted

linear acceleration - otoliths lag behind producing bending of the hair cells

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20
Q

Orientation of utricle and saccule

A

Utricle macula - horizontally oriented

Saccule macula - vertically oriented

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21
Q

Parts of the vestibular nuclear complex (4)

A

Rostral vestibular nuclei

Medial vestibular nuclei

Lateral vestibular nuclei

Caudal vestibular nuclei

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22
Q

Vestibulo-occular reflexes (VOR)

A

Coordinate eye and head movements

When the head moves, the eyes remain fixed on original field of vision for as long as possible

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23
Q 
Definitions: 
Ataxia
Nystagmus 
Physiological nystagmus
Postrotatory nystagmus
Spontaneous nystagmus
Acute vestibular disease
A

Ataxia - loss of voluntary motor coordination

Nystagmus - involuntary repetitive eye movements

Physiological nystagmus - normal, occurs during VOR

Postrotatory nystagmus - the converse eye movement

Spontaneous nystagmus - associated with pathologies in the vestibular system

Acute vestibular disease - characterized by persistent head tilt, falling, circling, rolling

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24
Q

Functions of cerebellum

A

Timing and coordination of movement

Adjusting and modulating the output of the motor cortices, corticospinal tract, brainstem motor pathways, and spinal cord

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25
Where is cerebellum located
above brainstem
26
Various peduncles of cerebellum (3)
Rostral cerebellar peduncle - axons going out of cerebellum (output) Middle cerebellar peduncle - axons going into cerebellum (input) Caudal cerebellar peduncle - both input and output axons
27
Cells of the cerebellum and what layer they are in
Molecular layer: Stellate cells Basket cells Axons of granule cells: parallel fibers Purkinje cell layer (axons go to cerebellar nuclei): Purkinje cells Granule cell layer: Golgi cells + granule cell bodies
28
what kind of neruons are purkinje cells
GABAergic neurons - induce IPSPs GABA receptor is ionotropic receptor (Cl- channel) GABA receptor is a ligated gated channel - channel for chlorine Chlorine goes into cell and makes cell more negative
29
GABA synthesis
GABA synthesized from glutamate by enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase High affinity transporters terminate actions of these transmitters and return GABA to synaptic terminals for reuse
30
Regions of cerebral cortex that project to the cerebellum
Sensory association cortex of parietal lobe Motor association areas of frontal lobe
31
Divisions of the cerebellum and their inputs
Vestibulocerebellum - vestibular sensory inputs Spinocerebellum - spinal and trigeminal sensory inputs, visual and auditory sensory inputs Cerebrocerebellum - corticopontine inputs form motor cortices
32
Where each cerebellum division goes and what they do
Vestibulocerebellum - to vestibular nuclei --> coordinated balance and eye movement Spinocerebellum - to descending brainstem and corticospinal pathways --> proper execution of coordinated movement Cerebrocerebellum - to motor cortices --> planning coordinated, properly timed movement sequences
33
VOR and learned changes
Cerebellum helps reset VOR so eyes move appropriate distance in relation to head movement Cerebellum plays role in motor learning and in fine-tuning of reflex behaviors such as in VOR
34
Common clinical signs associated with cerebellar disease (6)
Wide based gait Ataxia - walk in uncoordinated manner Dysmetria - inappropriate measure of muscular contraction Asynergia - failure on components of a complex multi-joint movement to occur in a coordinated fashion Intention tremor - oscillating movement disorder that worsens when animal is moving Nystagmus (if Vestibulocerebellum is damaged)
35
Divisions of autonomic nervous system
Parasympathetic - rest and digest Sympathetic - fight or flight
36
Where is the enteric nervous system located
Wall of the gut
37
What does ANS control
Visceral functions and glandular secretions in body maintaining homeostasis
38
Somatic nervous system vs autonomic nervous system: | Number of efferent neurons
SNS - one efferent neuron ANS - 2 efferent neurons, in series: preganglionic neuron and postganglionic neuron
39
Somatic nervous system vs autonomic nervous system: Conduction speed
SNS - fast ANS - slow
40
Somatic nervous system vs autonomic nervous system: Ganglia?
SNS - no ganglia ANS - Lots of ganglia
41
Somatic nervous system vs autonomic nervous system: inhibitory or excitatory
SNS - EPSPs (aka EPP) ANS - can induce EPSPs or IPSPs
42
Somatic nervous system vs autonomic nervous system: motor end plate or varcosicties
SNS - motor end plate ANS - varacosities
43
Sympathetic nervous system characteristics (5)
Fight or flight Perform vigorous physical activity Increases HR, respiration, dilate pupils Thoracolumbar origin Short preganglionic neurons, long postganglionic neurons
44
Parasympathetic nervous system characteristics (5)
Rest and digest Conserve and store energy Controls breathing at rest, digestion, excretion Craniosacral origin Long preganglionic neurons, short postganglionic neurons
45
Cholinergic neurons: neurotransmitters and receptors
Neurotransmitters - acetylcholine receptors - nicotinic, muscarinic
46
Adrenergic neurons: neurotransmitter and receptors
Neurotransmitter - norepinephrine Receptors - alpha, beta
47
What type of neurons are preganglionic neurons in both divisions of ANS
Cholinergic neurons
48
What are the receptors of all postganglionic neurons in both divisions of ANS
nicotinic
49
Postganglionic parasympathetic neuron type and target tissue receptor
Cholinergic neuron Muscarinic receptor
50
Postganglionic sympathetic neuron type and target tissue receptor
Adrenergic neurons Adrenergic receptors
51
Adrenergic receptor a1
Sympathetic Stimulatory G protein 2nd messenger - DAG, IP3 increased increased calcium
52
Adrenergic receptor a2
Sympathetic inhibitory G protein 2nd messenger: cAMP decreased decreased calcium
53
Adrenergic receptor B1
Sympathetic stimulatory G protein 2nd messenger cAMP increased increased calcium
54
Adrenergic receptor B2
Sympathetic stimulatory G protein 2nd messenger cAMP increased decreased calcium
55
Cholinergic receptor: Muscarinergic receptor M1
Parasympathetic stimulatory G protein 2nd messenger DAG, IP3 increased increased calcium
56
Cholinergic receptor: Muscarinergic receptor M2
Parasympathetic inhibitory G protein 2nd messenger cAMP decreased Opens K channels decreased calcium and K
57
Cholinergic receptor: Muscarinergic receptor M3
Parasympathetic stimulatory G protein 2nd messenger DAG, IP3 increased increased calcium
58
Cholinergic vs adrenergic effects: eye
Cholinergic - pupillary constriction Adrenergic - pupillary dilation
59
Cholinergic vs adrenergic effects: heart
Cholinergic - decreased HR, conduction velocity, and contracting force Adrenergic - increased HR, conduction velocity, and contraction force
60
Cholinergic vs adrenergic effects: arterioles
Cholinergic - dilation Adrenergic - constriction
61
Cholinergic vs adrenergic effects: lungs
Cholinergic - bronchoconstriction Adrenergic - bronchodilation
62
Cholinergic vs adrenergic effects: urinary bladder
Cholinergic - contraction of detrusor muscle Adrenergic - relaxation of detrusor muscle
63
Cholinergic vs adrenergic effects: intestine
Cholinergic - increased motility and secretion Adrenergic - decreased motility and secretion

Physiology 1 (4 decks)

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