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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Exam 2: Nervous System > Flashcards

Exam 2: Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is in the CNS?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

What are the 4 protection systems of the spinal cord?

A

Bones, meninges, meningeal spaces, denticulate ligaments

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3
Q

Describe the Vertebral Foramen

A

The hole formed along the spine when the vertebra are aligned

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4
Q

What is the most superficial protective meninx of the spine?

A

Dura mater

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5
Q

Describe the dura mater

A

Tough, dense connective tissue

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6
Q

Which meninx falls in the middle?

A

Arachnoid Mater

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7
Q

Describe the arachnoid mater

A

Delicate, web-like connective tissue

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8
Q

Which meninx falls as the deepest of the meninges?

A

Pia mater

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9
Q

Describe the pia mater

A

Soft, delicate connective tissue that anchors firmly to tissue of spinal cord

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10
Q

Which space falls between dura mater and bones of the spine?

A

Epidural space

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11
Q

Describe the composition of the epidural space

A

Blood vessels, connective tissue, adipose

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12
Q

Which space falls between the dura mater and arachnoid?

A

Subdural space

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13
Q

What clear liquid substance can be found in the subdural space?

A

Serous fluid

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14
Q

Which space falls deep to the arachnoid and superficial to the pia mater?

A

Subarachnoid space

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15
Q

What is the name of the thin lateral extensions of the meninges that anchor the spinal cord in place?

A

Denticulate ligaments

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16
Q

What is the name of the hole at the base of the skull where the spinal cord begins?

A

Foramen Magnum

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17
Q

What is the name of the most superior enlargement of the spinal cord that spans 7 vertebra?

A

Cervical enlargement

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18
Q

What regions are innervated by the cervical enlargement?

A

Arms, shoulders, neck

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19
Q

What is the region inferior to the cervical enlargement, where the diameter returns to normal?

A

Thoracic region

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20
Q

What is the wide area at inferior edge of thoracic region?

A

Lumbar enlargement

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21
Q

What is the name of the tapering portion inferior to the lumbar enlargement?

A

Conus medullaris

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22
Q

What is the name of the strand of pia mater that extends from the conus medullaris?

A

Filum terminale

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23
Q

Describe the composition of the filum terminale

A

Connective tissue

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24
Q

What is the name of the collection of nerves that extend from the conus medullaris?

A

Cauda equina

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25
Q

How many segments is the spinal cord made of?

A

31, with 31 pairs of spinal nerves

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26
Q

What is the name of the gap on the anterior side of the spinal cord?

A

Anterior median fissure

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27
Q

What is the name of the shallow depression on the posterior side of the spinal cord?

A

Posterior median sulcus

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28
Q

What does the gray matter of the spinal cord resemble?

A

Butterfly

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29
Q

The gray matter of the spinal cord is made of cell bodies of what type of neurons?

A

Motor and association neurons

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30
Q

Is the gray matter of the spinal made of myelinated or unmyelinated axons?

A

Unmyelinated

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31
Q

What are the names of the horns of the gray matter?

A

Anterior, lateral, and posterior gray horns

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32
Q

What is the name of the thin strip of gray matter that connects the left and right sides of cord together ?

A

Gray comissure

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33
Q

What is the name of the small hole found in the center of the gray commissure?

A

Central canal

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34
Q

What can be found in small amounts in the central canal?

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid

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35
Q

What region surrounds the gray matter of the spinal cord?

A

White matter

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36
Q

Ascending tracts are known as?

A

Sensory tracts

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37
Q

What is the function of the Lateral Spinothalamic tract?

A

Carries sensations of pain, touch, and temperature

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38
Q

What is the function of the Anterior spinothalamic tracts?

A

Carries sensations of pressure

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39
Q

What is the function of the spinotectal tract?

A

Relays info about movement that is stimulated by sense organs

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40
Q

What is the function of the fasciculis gracilis?

A

Carries sensations from below the waste

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41
Q

What is the function of the fasciculus curneatus?

A

Carries sensations from above the waste

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42
Q

Descending tracts are also known as?

A

Motor tracts

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43
Q

What is the function of the corticospinal tracts?

A

Carries impulses of muscles of fine movement

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44
Q

What is the function of the reticulospinal tracts?

A

Carries impulses to muscles of posture

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45
Q

What are spinal roots?

A

Connections to the PNS

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46
Q

What is the composition of Anterior/Ventral Spinal Roots?

A

Motor neuron axons

47
Q

What is the composition of Posterior/Dorsal Spinal Roots?

A

Sensory axons

48
Q

What is the composition of the dorsal root ganglion?

A

Cell bodies of sensory neurons

49
Q

What is the mixed spinal nerve?

A

The area where the ventral and dorsal spinal roots merge into one

50
Q

What is the dorsal ramus?

A

The nerve that innervates areas of the back along vertebra

51
Q

What is the ventral ramus?

A

The big branch that innervates most of the body

52
Q

What is the Rami Communicantes?

A

Motor branches that control the ANS effectors (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands)

53
Q

What is the mixed spinal nerve?

A

A collection of nerve fibers such as dendrites and axons

54
Q

What is the endoneurium?

A

Myelin coating an axon

55
Q

What is the perineurium?

A

Connective tissue wrapping that covers groups of axons

56
Q

What is a fascicle?

A

Groups of axons

57
Q

What is the epineurium?

A

Connective tissue that holds groups of fascicles together

58
Q

What are dermatomes?

A

Branches that carry sensations from the skin

59
Q

What are reflexes?

A

Programmed predictable responses

60
Q

What are innate reflexes?

A

Genetically determined reflexes

61
Q

What are acquired reflexes?

A

Reflexes learned through repetition

62
Q

What is a monosynaptic reflex?

A

1 sensory neuron, 1 motor neuron and affects 1 side of the body

63
Q

What is an ipsilateral reflex?

A

Only affects one side of the body

64
Q

What is a polysynaptic reflex?

A

1 sensory, 1 association, 1 motor and is contra lateral

65
Q

What is a contra lateral reflex?

A

Affects opposite side of the body

66
Q

What is a withdrawal reflex?

A

For painful stimuli, allows stimulation of muscles, and either ipsilateral or contra lateral

67
Q

What is a cross extensor reflex?

A

A reflex similar to withdrawal, but activates the muscles on the opposite side(contra lateral)

68
Q

What is an intersegmental reflex?

A

Impulse travels up and down spinal cord as part of white matter tracts and may invade brain

69
Q

Why does the brain require constant oxygen?

A

It’s high metabolic rate

70
Q

What are the brain’s 6 protection systems?

A

Cranial bones, cranial meninges, spaces, csf, blood brain barrier, neuroglia, and “blood flow correction mechanism”

71
Q

What is the name of the holes that allow nerves and blood vessels to enter and exit the brain?

A

Foraminia

72
Q

What are dural sinuses?

A

The spaces in the brain that are filled with blood vessels and serous fluid

73
Q

What fluid is composed of water, salts, ions, amino acids, waste, and cellular debris?

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid

74
Q

What is the name of the region that continually secretes csf?

A

Choroid plexus

75
Q

The blood brain barrier limits the entering and exiting of molecules based on their….

A

Size

76
Q

What are microblog?

A

Neuroglia that destroy pathogens and cell debris

77
Q

What are astrocytes?

A

Neuroglia that are involved in the blood brain barrier

78
Q

What are ependymal cells?

A

Neuroglia that secrete cerebrospinal fluid

79
Q

What is formed when CO2 and H2O combine in the blood brain barrier?

A

Carbonic acid

80
Q

What is the name of the folded out regions of the brain?

A

Gryri or gurus

81
Q

What is the name of the shallow grooves and depressions of the brain?

A

Sulci or sulcus

82
Q

The cerebrum is also referred to as the…

A

Telencephalon

83
Q

Which portion of the brain processes in pictures?

A

Right cerebral hemisphere

84
Q

Which portion of the brain processes in symbols?

A

Left cerebral hemisphere

85
Q

What is the name of the white matter tracts that protect the hemispheres of the brain?

A

Corpus callosum

86
Q

What is the longitudinal fissure?

A

The sulcus that decides the brain into left and right hemispheres

87
Q

The gray matter cortex is also known as the…

A

Cerebral cortex

88
Q

Which tracts are myelinated axons and connect each hemisphere?

A

White matter tracts

89
Q

Which of the white matter tracts connects each hemisphere?

A

Commisural tract

90
Q

Which of the white matter tracts connects from top to bottom?

A

Projection tracts

91
Q

Which of the white matter tracts connect from front to back?

A

Association tracts

92
Q

Which specific clump of neuron cell bodies controls unconscious skeletal muscle contraction?

A

Basal nucleus

93
Q

Which lone generates skeletal muscle action?

A

Frontal lobe

94
Q

Which lobe receives body sensations and helps determine texture and shape?

A

Parietal lobe

95
Q

Which lobe receives impulses from cranial nerve 8 for hearing?

A

Temporal lobe

96
Q

Which lobe receives impulses from eyes retina via cranial nerve 2?

A

Occipital lobe

97
Q

Which region of the brain seems toil k short term memory and emotions?

A

Insula

98
Q

What is the thalamus?

A

Oval mass of gray matter

99
Q

What is the intermediate mass?

A

The cylinder of white matter that connect the right and left thalamus

100
Q

Which region of the diencephalon is responsible for a majority of regulatory functions?

A

Hypothalamus

101
Q

Which gland secretes a variety of hormones, such as growth and sex hormones?

A

Pituitary gland

102
Q

What is the name of the small, round gland that is suspended from the hypothalamus?

A

Hypophyseal stalk

103
Q

What is the name of the gland that responds to neural responses?

A

Pineal body/gland

104
Q

The pineal gland secretes hormones that control…

A

Cyclical behaviors

105
Q

Which region of the brain helps maintain consciousness and muscle tone?

A

Mesencephalon

106
Q

Which region of the brain stem contains the pons?

A

Metencephalon

107
Q

Which region of the brain stem contains several nuclei that help control ANS structures?

A

Myelencephalon or medulla oblongata

108
Q

What is decussation?

A

When motor tracts cross in the medulla oblongata

109
Q

Which portion of the brain stem is known as the “emotional center”?

A

Limbic system

110
Q

What is the name of the oval area on anterior side of brain stem?

A

Pons

111
Q

What is the name of the walnut shaped area at the inferior part of the skull?

A

Cerebellum

112
Q

The….. joins the left and right cerebellar hemispheres together

A

Vermis

113
Q

What portion of the cerebellum modulates skeletal contractions?

A

Arbor vitae

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (5 decks)

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