Exam 2: Nervous System Flashcards
1
Q
What is in the CNS?
A
Brain and spinal cord
2
Q
What are the 4 protection systems of the spinal cord?
A
Bones, meninges, meningeal spaces, denticulate ligaments
3
Q
Describe the Vertebral Foramen
A
The hole formed along the spine when the vertebra are aligned
4
Q
What is the most superficial protective meninx of the spine?
A
Dura mater
5
Q
Describe the dura mater
A
Tough, dense connective tissue
6
Q
Which meninx falls in the middle?
A
Arachnoid Mater
7
Q
Describe the arachnoid mater
A
Delicate, web-like connective tissue
8
Q
Which meninx falls as the deepest of the meninges?
A
Pia mater
9
Q
Describe the pia mater
A
Soft, delicate connective tissue that anchors firmly to tissue of spinal cord
10
Q
Which space falls between dura mater and bones of the spine?
A
Epidural space
11
Q
Describe the composition of the epidural space
A
Blood vessels, connective tissue, adipose
12
Q
Which space falls between the dura mater and arachnoid?
A
Subdural space
13
Q
What clear liquid substance can be found in the subdural space?
A
Serous fluid
14
Q
Which space falls deep to the arachnoid and superficial to the pia mater?
A
Subarachnoid space
15
Q
What is the name of the thin lateral extensions of the meninges that anchor the spinal cord in place?
A
Denticulate ligaments
16
Q
What is the name of the hole at the base of the skull where the spinal cord begins?
A
Foramen Magnum
17
Q
What is the name of the most superior enlargement of the spinal cord that spans 7 vertebra?
A
Cervical enlargement
18
Q
What regions are innervated by the cervical enlargement?
A
Arms, shoulders, neck
19
Q
What is the region inferior to the cervical enlargement, where the diameter returns to normal?
A
Thoracic region
20
Q
What is the wide area at inferior edge of thoracic region?
A
Lumbar enlargement
21
Q
What is the name of the tapering portion inferior to the lumbar enlargement?
A
Conus medullaris
22
Q
What is the name of the strand of pia mater that extends from the conus medullaris?
A
Filum terminale
23
Q
Describe the composition of the filum terminale
A
Connective tissue
24
Q
What is the name of the collection of nerves that extend from the conus medullaris?
A
Cauda equina
25
How many segments is the spinal cord made of?
31, with 31 pairs of spinal nerves
26
What is the name of the gap on the anterior side of the spinal cord?
Anterior median fissure
27
What is the name of the shallow depression on the posterior side of the spinal cord?
Posterior median sulcus
28
What does the gray matter of the spinal cord resemble?
Butterfly
29
The gray matter of the spinal cord is made of cell bodies of what type of neurons?
Motor and association neurons
30
Is the gray matter of the spinal made of myelinated or unmyelinated axons?
Unmyelinated
31
What are the names of the horns of the gray matter?
Anterior, lateral, and posterior gray horns
32
What is the name of the thin strip of gray matter that connects the left and right sides of cord together ?
Gray comissure
33
What is the name of the small hole found in the center of the gray commissure?
Central canal
34
What can be found in small amounts in the central canal?
Cerebrospinal Fluid
35
What region surrounds the gray matter of the spinal cord?
White matter
36
Ascending tracts are known as?
Sensory tracts
37
What is the function of the Lateral Spinothalamic tract?
Carries sensations of pain, touch, and temperature
38
What is the function of the Anterior spinothalamic tracts?
Carries sensations of pressure
39
What is the function of the spinotectal tract?
Relays info about movement that is stimulated by sense organs
40
What is the function of the fasciculis gracilis?
Carries sensations from below the waste
41
What is the function of the fasciculus curneatus?
Carries sensations from above the waste
42
Descending tracts are also known as?
Motor tracts
43
What is the function of the corticospinal tracts?
Carries impulses of muscles of fine movement
44
What is the function of the reticulospinal tracts?
Carries impulses to muscles of posture
45
What are spinal roots?
Connections to the PNS
46
What is the composition of Anterior/Ventral Spinal Roots?
Motor neuron axons
47
What is the composition of Posterior/Dorsal Spinal Roots?
Sensory axons
48
What is the composition of the dorsal root ganglion?
Cell bodies of sensory neurons
49
What is the mixed spinal nerve?
The area where the ventral and dorsal spinal roots merge into one
50
What is the dorsal ramus?
The nerve that innervates areas of the back along vertebra
51
What is the ventral ramus?
The big branch that innervates most of the body
52
What is the Rami Communicantes?
Motor branches that control the ANS effectors (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands)
53
What is the mixed spinal nerve?
A collection of nerve fibers such as dendrites and axons
54
What is the endoneurium?
Myelin coating an axon
55
What is the perineurium?
Connective tissue wrapping that covers groups of axons
56
What is a fascicle?
Groups of axons
57
What is the epineurium?
Connective tissue that holds groups of fascicles together
58
What are dermatomes?
Branches that carry sensations from the skin
59
What are reflexes?
Programmed predictable responses
60
What are innate reflexes?
Genetically determined reflexes
61
What are acquired reflexes?
Reflexes learned through repetition
62
What is a monosynaptic reflex?
1 sensory neuron, 1 motor neuron and affects 1 side of the body
63
What is an ipsilateral reflex?
Only affects one side of the body
64
What is a polysynaptic reflex?
1 sensory, 1 association, 1 motor and is contra lateral
65
What is a contra lateral reflex?
Affects opposite side of the body
66
What is a withdrawal reflex?
For painful stimuli, allows stimulation of muscles, and either ipsilateral or contra lateral
67
What is a cross extensor reflex?
A reflex similar to withdrawal, but activates the muscles on the opposite side(contra lateral)
68
What is an intersegmental reflex?
Impulse travels up and down spinal cord as part of white matter tracts and may invade brain
69
Why does the brain require constant oxygen?
It’s high metabolic rate
70
What are the brain’s 6 protection systems?
Cranial bones, cranial meninges, spaces, csf, blood brain barrier, neuroglia, and “blood flow correction mechanism”
71
What is the name of the holes that allow nerves and blood vessels to enter and exit the brain?
Foraminia
72
What are dural sinuses?
The spaces in the brain that are filled with blood vessels and serous fluid
73
What fluid is composed of water, salts, ions, amino acids, waste, and cellular debris?
Cerebrospinal Fluid
74
What is the name of the region that continually secretes csf?
Choroid plexus
75
The blood brain barrier limits the entering and exiting of molecules based on their….
Size
76
What are microblog?
Neuroglia that destroy pathogens and cell debris
77
What are astrocytes?
Neuroglia that are involved in the blood brain barrier
78
What are ependymal cells?
Neuroglia that secrete cerebrospinal fluid
79
What is formed when CO2 and H2O combine in the blood brain barrier?
Carbonic acid
80
What is the name of the folded out regions of the brain?
Gryri or gurus
81
What is the name of the shallow grooves and depressions of the brain?
Sulci or sulcus
82
The cerebrum is also referred to as the…
Telencephalon
83
Which portion of the brain processes in pictures?
Right cerebral hemisphere
84
Which portion of the brain processes in symbols?
Left cerebral hemisphere
85
What is the name of the white matter tracts that protect the hemispheres of the brain?
Corpus callosum
86
What is the longitudinal fissure?
The sulcus that decides the brain into left and right hemispheres
87
The gray matter cortex is also known as the…
Cerebral cortex
88
Which tracts are myelinated axons and connect each hemisphere?
White matter tracts
89
Which of the white matter tracts connects each hemisphere?
Commisural tract
90
Which of the white matter tracts connects from top to bottom?
Projection tracts
91
Which of the white matter tracts connect from front to back?
Association tracts
92
Which specific clump of neuron cell bodies controls unconscious skeletal muscle contraction?
Basal nucleus
93
Which lone generates skeletal muscle action?
Frontal lobe
94
Which lobe receives body sensations and helps determine texture and shape?
Parietal lobe
95
Which lobe receives impulses from cranial nerve 8 for hearing?
Temporal lobe
96
Which lobe receives impulses from eyes retina via cranial nerve 2?
Occipital lobe
97
Which region of the brain seems toil k short term memory and emotions?
Insula
98
What is the thalamus?
Oval mass of gray matter
99
What is the intermediate mass?
The cylinder of white matter that connect the right and left thalamus
100
Which region of the diencephalon is responsible for a majority of regulatory functions?
Hypothalamus
101
Which gland secretes a variety of hormones, such as growth and sex hormones?
Pituitary gland
102
What is the name of the small, round gland that is suspended from the hypothalamus?
Hypophyseal stalk
103
What is the name of the gland that responds to neural responses?
Pineal body/gland
104
The pineal gland secretes hormones that control…
Cyclical behaviors
105
Which region of the brain helps maintain consciousness and muscle tone?
Mesencephalon
106
Which region of the brain stem contains the pons?
Metencephalon
107
Which region of the brain stem contains several nuclei that help control ANS structures?
Myelencephalon or medulla oblongata
108
What is decussation?
When motor tracts cross in the medulla oblongata
109
Which portion of the brain stem is known as the “emotional center”?
Limbic system
110
What is the name of the oval area on anterior side of brain stem?
Pons
111
What is the name of the walnut shaped area at the inferior part of the skull?
Cerebellum
112
The….. joins the left and right cerebellar hemispheres together
Vermis
113
What portion of the cerebellum modulates skeletal contractions?
Arbor vitae
