Exam #2: Neoplasia Flashcards by Jonathan Kallevang

What is the definition of neoplasia? What are the two causes of neoplasia?

This is the process of uncontrolled growth caused by:

Uncontrolled proliferation
Evasion of apoptosis

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What is a neoplasm?

Abnormal tissue mass

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What are the common features of neoplasms? What is the general progression of neoplasia?

1) Neoplasms are NOT physiology; they are pathological & purposeless
2) Loss of control over cell division
3) DNA damage at growth control genes i.e. checkpoints

Carcinogens–>DNA damage–>Neoplasm

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What is the difference between benign and a malignant tumor?

Benign= neoplasm that grows WITHOUT INVADING adjacent tissue & spreading to distant sites
- Well circumscribed capsule

Malignant= neoplasm INVADES surrounding normal tissue & spreads to distant sites
- Poorly defined capsule

*****If you see the word INVASION, the tumor is NOT benign; if you see metastasis, MALIGNANT

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What is an intermediate neoplasm?

This is a neoplasm that is between benign and malignant b/c

Locally invasive i.e. NOT benign
No metastasis

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What is carcinoma in situ?

Dysplasia

Pre-invasive cell proliferation
Has cytological features of malignancy

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What are the two components of a tumor?

1) Parenchyma

2) Stroma

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What is the parenchyma? What does the parenchyma determine?

Clonal neoplastic cells that:

Determines the biological behavior of the tumor
Gives the tumor its name

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What is the stroma? What does the stroma determine?

Stoma= the support cells of a tumor

Connective tissue
Blood vessels
Macrophages & lymphocytes

**These determine the growth and evolution of the tumor

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What determines the growth and evolution of a tumor, its parenchyma or stroma?

Stroma

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What is the difference between a neoplasm that contains a high degree of stroma vs. a low degree of stroma?

Scant stroma= soft & fleshy

Abundant stroma= hard

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What is the name of a benign epithelial neoplasm?

Adenoma or,

Papilloma

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What is the difference between an adenoma and a papilloma?

Adenoma= gland 
Papilloma= not from gland

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What is the name of a malignant epithelial tumor?

Carcinoma

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What is an adenocarcinoma?

Malignant glandular carcinoma

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What is the suffix given to benign mesenchymal neoplasms?

Oma

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What is the suffix given to malignant mesenchymal neoplasms?

Sacrcoma

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What is a Fibroma?

Benign fibroblast neoplasm

What is a Chondroma?

Benign cartilagenous neoplasm

What is an Osteoma?

Benign osteoblast neoplasm

What is a Lipoma?

Benign adipose tumor

What is aLeiomyoma?

Benign smooth muscle neoplasm

What is a Cystadenomas?

Bengin glandular neoplasm with a cyst

What is a polyp? Is a polyp benign or malignant?

Club-shaped growth that projects from the lumen into a hallow viscus

**Does not distinguish between benign and malignant

What is a Papilloma?

Benign tumor of the skin i.e. a wart

What are the exceptions to the "oma" suffix i.e. what are the malignant tumors that end in the suffix oma?

``` Melanoma Lymphoma Seminoma* Hepatoma Astrocytoma ``` *Germ-cell tumor of the testicle

What are the non-neoplastic lesions that end with the suffix oma?

- Granuloma - Hematoma - Hamartoma - Choristoma

What is a Choristoma?

Normal tissue in an abnormal location E.g. adrenal cells in ovary, lungs, or kidney

What is a hamartoma?

Normal tissue in normal place that is disorganized E.g. pulmonary hamartoma & Peutz-Jeghers polyp

What are the common features of carcinomas and sarcomas?

- Capsule generally absent - Rapid growth - Invasion present - Atypical mitosis present

What are the differences between sarcoma and carcinoma? Specifically address, origin, incidence, metastasis, & prognosis.

1) Carcinoma= epithelial & Sarcoma= mesenchymal 2) Carcinoma has higher incidence 3) Metastasis is lymphatic in carcinoma and hematogenous in sarcoma 4) Better prognosis because of later distant metastasis in carcinoma

What is a transitional cell carcinoma?

Malignant neoplasm that takes its origin from transitional epithelium of the urinary system

What are the specific names given to blood cancer?

Leukemia | Lymphoma

What is Leukemia? What Leukemias are most common in children in adults?

Cancer derived from hematopoietic cells i.e. bone marrow stem cells - CLL (chronic lymphocytic leukemia) is most common in adults, BUT ALL (Acute Lymphcytic Leukemia) is more common in children

What is Lymphpma? What is the most common type of lymphoma? What is the most common extranodal site?

Cancer derived from lymph nodes or lymphoid tissue - Hodgkin's Lymphoma is most common - Stomach is common site of extranodal primary malignant lymphoma

What is a teratoma?

Tumor composed of more than one parenchymal cell type that is derived from more than one germ layer

What is the difference between a mature and an immature teratoma?

Mature= benign Immature= malignant

What does anaplasia mean? Does this mean that a tumor is benign of malignant?

Poorly differentiated or undifferentiated tissue, which is indicative highly malignant tumors

You observe a lesion in the lung field of a CT scan called a "coin lesion." What is this?

This is a pulmonary hamartoma i.e. normal tissue that is disorganized *****This is NOT a tumor

What is the Peutz-Jegher's Syndrome?

Hereditary intestinal polypopsis syndrome - Autosomal dominant inheritance - Causes benign hamartomtous polys in the GI tract & hyperpigmentation of the lips

What is monoconality? What is the clinical implication about monoclonality?

This term refers to tumors originating from a single precursor cell *****Neoplasms are monoclonal; non-neoplastic proliferations are polyclonal

Generally, how do you tell the difference between a benign and a malignant tumor?

- Appearance of the tumor | - Behavior of the tumor

What are the four criteria used to differentiate between benign and malignant tumors?

1) Rate of growth 2) Differentiation & anaplasia 3) Local invasion 4) Metastasis