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General Pathology > Exam #2: Neoplasia > Flashcards

Exam #2: Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of neoplasia? What are the two causes of neoplasia?

A

This is the process of uncontrolled growth caused by:

  • Uncontrolled proliferation
  • Evasion of apoptosis
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2
Q

What is a neoplasm?

A

Abnormal tissue mass

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3
Q

What are the common features of neoplasms? What is the general progression of neoplasia?

A

1) Neoplasms are NOT physiology; they are pathological & purposeless
2) Loss of control over cell division
3) DNA damage at growth control genes i.e. checkpoints

Carcinogens–>DNA damage–>Neoplasm

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4
Q

What is the difference between benign and a malignant tumor?

A

Benign= neoplasm that grows WITHOUT INVADING adjacent tissue & spreading to distant sites
- Well circumscribed capsule

Malignant= neoplasm INVADES surrounding normal tissue & spreads to distant sites
- Poorly defined capsule

*****If you see the word INVASION, the tumor is NOT benign; if you see metastasis, MALIGNANT

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5
Q

What is an intermediate neoplasm?

A

This is a neoplasm that is between benign and malignant b/c

  • Locally invasive i.e. NOT benign
  • No metastasis
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6
Q

What is carcinoma in situ?

A

Dysplasia

  • Pre-invasive cell proliferation
  • Has cytological features of malignancy
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7
Q

What are the two components of a tumor?

A

1) Parenchyma

2) Stroma

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8
Q

What is the parenchyma? What does the parenchyma determine?

A

Clonal neoplastic cells that:

  • Determines the biological behavior of the tumor
  • Gives the tumor its name
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9
Q

What is the stroma? What does the stroma determine?

A

Stoma= the support cells of a tumor

  • Connective tissue
  • Blood vessels
  • Macrophages & lymphocytes

**These determine the growth and evolution of the tumor

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10
Q

What determines the growth and evolution of a tumor, its parenchyma or stroma?

A

Stroma

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11
Q

What is the difference between a neoplasm that contains a high degree of stroma vs. a low degree of stroma?

A

Scant stroma= soft & fleshy

Abundant stroma= hard

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12
Q

What is the name of a benign epithelial neoplasm?

A

Adenoma or,

Papilloma

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13
Q

What is the difference between an adenoma and a papilloma?

A 
Adenoma= gland 
Papilloma= not from gland
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14
Q

What is the name of a malignant epithelial tumor?

A

Carcinoma

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15
Q

What is an adenocarcinoma?

A

Malignant glandular carcinoma

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16
Q

What is the suffix given to benign mesenchymal neoplasms?

A

Oma

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17
Q

What is the suffix given to malignant mesenchymal neoplasms?

A

Sacrcoma

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18
Q

What is a Fibroma?

A

Benign fibroblast neoplasm

19
Q

What is a Chondroma?

A

Benign cartilagenous neoplasm

20
Q

What is an Osteoma?

A

Benign osteoblast neoplasm

21
Q

What is a Lipoma?

A

Benign adipose tumor

22
Q

What is aLeiomyoma?

A

Benign smooth muscle neoplasm

23
Q

What is a Cystadenomas?

A

Bengin glandular neoplasm with a cyst

24
Q

What is a polyp? Is a polyp benign or malignant?

A

Club-shaped growth that projects from the lumen into a hallow viscus

**Does not distinguish between benign and malignant

25
Q

What is a Papilloma?

A

Benign tumor of the skin i.e. a wart

26
Q

What are the exceptions to the “oma” suffix i.e. what are the malignant tumors that end in the suffix oma?

A 
Melanoma 
Lymphoma
Seminoma*
Hepatoma 
Astrocytoma

*Germ-cell tumor of the testicle

27
Q

What are the non-neoplastic lesions that end with the suffix oma?

A
  • Granuloma
  • Hematoma
  • Hamartoma
  • Choristoma
28
Q

What is a Choristoma?

A

Normal tissue in an abnormal location

E.g. adrenal cells in ovary, lungs, or kidney

29
Q

What is a hamartoma?

A

Normal tissue in normal place that is disorganized

E.g. pulmonary hamartoma & Peutz-Jeghers polyp

30
Q

What are the common features of carcinomas and sarcomas?

A
  • Capsule generally absent
  • Rapid growth
  • Invasion present
  • Atypical mitosis present
31
Q

What are the differences between sarcoma and carcinoma? Specifically address, origin, incidence, metastasis, & prognosis.

A

1) Carcinoma= epithelial & Sarcoma= mesenchymal
2) Carcinoma has higher incidence
3) Metastasis is lymphatic in carcinoma and hematogenous in sarcoma
4) Better prognosis because of later distant metastasis in carcinoma

32
Q

What is a transitional cell carcinoma?

A

Malignant neoplasm that takes its origin from transitional epithelium of the urinary system

33
Q

What are the specific names given to blood cancer?

A

Leukemia

Lymphoma

34
Q

What is Leukemia? What Leukemias are most common in children in adults?

A

Cancer derived from hematopoietic cells i.e. bone marrow stem cells
- CLL (chronic lymphocytic leukemia) is most common in adults, BUT ALL (Acute Lymphcytic Leukemia) is more common in children

35
Q

What is Lymphpma? What is the most common type of lymphoma? What is the most common extranodal site?

A

Cancer derived from lymph nodes or lymphoid tissue

  • Hodgkin’s Lymphoma is most common
  • Stomach is common site of extranodal primary malignant lymphoma
36
Q

What is a teratoma?

A

Tumor composed of more than one parenchymal cell type that is derived from more than one germ layer

37
Q

What is the difference between a mature and an immature teratoma?

A

Mature= benign

Immature= malignant

38
Q

What does anaplasia mean? Does this mean that a tumor is benign of malignant?

A

Poorly differentiated or undifferentiated tissue, which is indicative highly malignant tumors

39
Q

You observe a lesion in the lung field of a CT scan called a “coin lesion.” What is this?

A

This is a pulmonary hamartoma i.e. normal tissue that is disorganized

*****This is NOT a tumor

40
Q

What is the Peutz-Jegher’s Syndrome?

A

Hereditary intestinal polypopsis syndrome

  • Autosomal dominant inheritance
  • Causes benign hamartomtous polys in the GI tract & hyperpigmentation of the lips
41
Q

What is monoconality? What is the clinical implication about monoclonality?

A

This term refers to tumors originating from a single precursor cell

*****Neoplasms are monoclonal; non-neoplastic proliferations are polyclonal

42
Q

Generally, how do you tell the difference between a benign and a malignant tumor?

A
  • Appearance of the tumor

- Behavior of the tumor

43
Q

What are the four criteria used to differentiate between benign and malignant tumors?

A

1) Rate of growth
2) Differentiation & anaplasia
3) Local invasion
4) Metastasis

General Pathology (33 decks)

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