Exam 2 my/o & Levers, Jt Materials, Types of jts, Mechanical Prop of Tissues Flashcards
synarthroses connect bony components using ___ and/or ___ connective tissue
fibrous; cartilaginous
2 types of synarthroses
fibrous; cartilaginous
examples of fibrous types of synarthroses (3)
cranial sutures; gomphoses (teeth); syndesmosis (interosseus membranes)
examples of cartilaginous types of synarthroses (3)
pubic symphysis; IVDs; areas of bone growth (synchondrosis)
the 1st rib is an example of what type of synarthrosis?
cartilaginous
diarthroses connect bony surfaces ___ by means of a ___ ___
indirectly; joint capsule
diarthroses are also known as ___ joints
synovial
5 features of diarthroses
- joint capsule (2 layers)
- joint cavity (created by capsule)
- inner lining of synovial tissue
- synovial fluid
- hyaline cartilage on joint surfaces
3 sub-categories of synovial joints
- uniaxial
- biaxial
- triaxial
in uniaxial synovial joints, motion occurs in ___ plane and around a ___ axis of rotation
one, single
2 types of uniaxial synovial joints
hinge, pivot
example of hinge joint
fingers
example of pivot joint
median atlantoaxial joint (dens)
in biaxial synovial joints, motion occurs in ___ planes and around ___ axes of rotation
2; 2
2 degrees of freedom in what type of joint?
biaxial
2 types of biaxial synovial joints
condyloid and saddle joints
condyloid joints have ___ concave and ___ convex surface that slide over each other in ___ directions
1; 1; 2
2 examples of condyloid joints
MCPs (metacarpalphalangeal joints) and occipital condyles
in saddle joints, each joint surface is both ___ in one plane and ___ in another
concave; convex
example of saddle joint
carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
in a triaxial joint, motion is in ___ planes and around ___ axes of rotation
3; 3
how many degrees of freedom in a triaxial joint?
3
triaxial joints also known as?
multiaxial
2 types of triaxial joints
plane and ball-and-socket joints
plane joints permit ___ in several directions
gliding
2 examples of plane joints
carpals and tarsals
ball-and-socket joints allow ___ and ___, ___ and ___, ___ and combinations of all
flexion; extension; adduction; abduction; rotation
2 examples of ball-and-socket joints
iliofemoral joint (hip) and glenohumeral joint
in an open kinematic chain, one end of the chain is ___ ___ and one joint can move ___ of others
not fixed; independently
<p>
in a closed kinematic chain, one end of the chain is \_\_\_ creating a \_\_\_ system; movement of one joint automatically causes \_\_\_ in other joints in the chain</p>
<p>
| fixed; closed; movement</p>
flexion of the knee causes flexion of the hip and dorsiflexion of the ankle as in squatting, what is this an example of?
closed chain
flexion of the knee can occur with or without motion in the hip and ankle as in standing and flexing one knee, what is this an example of?
open chain
4 types of joint motion
active ROM; passive ROM; end-feel; normal ROM
the amount of motion allowed by active voluntary movement by skeletal muscle contraction = ?
AROM
the amount of motion allowed by passively moving a joint past its active ROM (involuntary movement) = ?
PROM
the “springiness” allowed by the soft tissues at the end of passive ROM = ?
end-feel
normal ROM is also referred to as ___ ROM or ___ ROM
anatomic; physiologic
Determining factors of normal ROM
- joint shape
- joint capsule/ligaments
- muscle/tendon
- surrounding structures
arthrokinematics is defined as the motion of one ___ surface relative to the one ___
joint; adjacent
3 main motions in arthrokinematics
roll; slide; spin
what type of arthrokinematic motion is like a tire on a road?
roll
what type of arthrokinematic motion is defined as one surface glides over another; purely translatory?
slide
Material deformation to maintain load over time which recovers after load is remove
Creep
Internal reaction of a structure to an applied force load referred to
Stress
Mechanism of Wolff’s law is that bone collagen and other crystaline and have electrical field which exhibit
Piezoelectric properties
Mechanical advantage or disadvantage of lever system is calculated by
M ad = EA/RA
Tearing off piece of bone @ attachment site of tendon/liga
Avulsion
Failure of boney material as result of applied load
Fx
Cartilage that is tough, smooth, occurs on joint surface 2 decrease friction
Hyaline
Flat sacs of synovial membrane containing synovial fluid, decrease friction btn structures
Bursae
Withstand significant tensile forces attach bone to muscle
Tendon
3rd class lever
Mechanical disadvantage;
2nd class lever
Mechanical advantage;
1st class lever
Mechanical advantage; disadvantage; neutral
4 class of human connective tissues
CT proper, cartilage, bone, blood
What type of arthrokinematic motion involves rotation of one surface over another; purely rotary
spin
Full abduction of GH joint to 180 degrees requires
roll; slide, spin
example of closed chain movement
leg press against foot plate
closed chain is not synonymous with ___-___
weight bearing
in what type of chain are both ends of a segment or set of segments constrained and not free to move in space?
closed chain
in what type of chain is one end of a segment or set of segments free to move in space?
open chain
EA may be equal to, greater than, or less than RA in what lever class?
1st class lever
EA is greater than RA in what type of lever?
2nd class
in 1st-class levers, M Ad is ___, ___ or ___ to 1
greater; lesser; equal
in 2nd-class levers, the M Ad is ___ than 1
greater
second-class levers are involved in ___ contraction
eccentric
EA is less than RA in what class of lever?; M ad is less than 1
3rd class lever
which lever system is involved in concentric contraction?
3rd
mechanical advantage is the measure of the ___ ___ of a lever system
mechanical efficiency
ligaments and tendons generally go through a gradual transition in ___, classified into ___, as they attach to bones and/or muscles. this serves to diffuse ___ in the tissues that are subjected to primarily ___ forces (muscle) to tissue subjected to ___ and ___ forces (bone, cartilage, ligaments)
materials; zones; load; tensile; compressive, tensile
which cellular component consists of cartilage and types II, IX, and XI collagens?
chondroblast
which cellular components consist of types I and V collagens?
osteoblasts and osteoids
which cellular component consists of loose connective tissue and is made up of types I and IV collagens?
fibroblasts
2 structural components of tissue
cellular components and extracellular matrix
ligaments are ___% cellular and ___% extracellular
20%; 80%
which type of cartilage is very flexible and resilient; occurs in ears, nose, skin, etc.?
elastic
which type of cartilage is tough and very smooth; occurs at the ends of bones (joint surfaces); greatly reduces friction?
hyaline
4 types of specific joint CT structures
ligaments, tendons, bursae, cartliage
Collagen
possesses tremendous tensile strength and provides the functional integrity of CT; accounts for 25-30% of all protein found in mammals; sometimes referred to as the “glue” of the body; main substance of connective tissue; most abundant protein in the body
bone consists of compact (___) and spongy (___ or ___) layers; hardest CT due to inorganic ___
cortical; cancellous, trabecular; hydroxyapatite
CT proper varied in ___ and ___
density; elasticity
blood is fluid with ___ components
cellular
ligaments connect bone to ___; few cells with much ___-___ material/matrix, mostly collagen with some ___
bone; extra-cellular; elastin
