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MT Spinal Biomechanics Test 2 > Exam 2 my/o & Levers, Jt Materials, Types of jts, Mechanical Prop of Tissues > Flashcards

Exam 2 my/o & Levers, Jt Materials, Types of jts, Mechanical Prop of Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

synarthroses connect bony components using ___ and/or ___ connective tissue

A

fibrous; cartilaginous

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2
Q

2 types of synarthroses

A

fibrous; cartilaginous

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3
Q

examples of fibrous types of synarthroses (3)

A

cranial sutures; gomphoses (teeth); syndesmosis (interosseus membranes)

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4
Q

examples of cartilaginous types of synarthroses (3)

A

pubic symphysis; IVDs; areas of bone growth (synchondrosis)

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5
Q

the 1st rib is an example of what type of synarthrosis?

A

cartilaginous

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6
Q

diarthroses connect bony surfaces ___ by means of a ___ ___

A

indirectly; joint capsule

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7
Q

diarthroses are also known as ___ joints

A

synovial

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8
Q

5 features of diarthroses

A
  1. joint capsule (2 layers)
  2. joint cavity (created by capsule)
  3. inner lining of synovial tissue
  4. synovial fluid
  5. hyaline cartilage on joint surfaces
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9
Q

3 sub-categories of synovial joints

A
  1. uniaxial
  2. biaxial
  3. triaxial
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10
Q

in uniaxial synovial joints, motion occurs in ___ plane and around a ___ axis of rotation

A

one, single

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11
Q

2 types of uniaxial synovial joints

A

hinge, pivot

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12
Q

example of hinge joint

A

fingers

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13
Q

example of pivot joint

A

median atlantoaxial joint (dens)

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14
Q

in biaxial synovial joints, motion occurs in ___ planes and around ___ axes of rotation

A

2; 2

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15
Q

2 degrees of freedom in what type of joint?

A

biaxial

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16
Q

2 types of biaxial synovial joints

A

condyloid and saddle joints

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17
Q

condyloid joints have ___ concave and ___ convex surface that slide over each other in ___ directions

A

1; 1; 2

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18
Q

2 examples of condyloid joints

A

MCPs (metacarpalphalangeal joints) and occipital condyles

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19
Q

in saddle joints, each joint surface is both ___ in one plane and ___ in another

A

concave; convex

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20
Q

example of saddle joint

A

carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

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21
Q

in a triaxial joint, motion is in ___ planes and around ___ axes of rotation

A

3; 3

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22
Q

how many degrees of freedom in a triaxial joint?

A

3

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23
Q

triaxial joints also known as?

A

multiaxial

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24
Q

2 types of triaxial joints

A

plane and ball-and-socket joints

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25
Q

plane joints permit ___ in several directions

A

gliding

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26
Q

2 examples of plane joints

A

carpals and tarsals

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27
Q

ball-and-socket joints allow ___ and ___, ___ and ___, ___ and combinations of all

A

flexion; extension; adduction; abduction; rotation

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28
Q

2 examples of ball-and-socket joints

A

iliofemoral joint (hip) and glenohumeral joint

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29
Q

in an open kinematic chain, one end of the chain is ___ ___ and one joint can move ___ of others

A

not fixed; independently

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30
Q

<p>
in a closed kinematic chain, one end of the chain is \_\_\_ creating a \_\_\_ system; movement of one joint automatically causes \_\_\_ in other joints in the chain</p>

A

<p>

| fixed; closed; movement</p>

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31
Q

flexion of the knee causes flexion of the hip and dorsiflexion of the ankle as in squatting, what is this an example of?

A

closed chain

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32
Q

flexion of the knee can occur with or without motion in the hip and ankle as in standing and flexing one knee, what is this an example of?

A

open chain

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33
Q

4 types of joint motion

A

active ROM; passive ROM; end-feel; normal ROM

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34
Q

the amount of motion allowed by active voluntary movement by skeletal muscle contraction = ?

A

AROM

35
Q

the amount of motion allowed by passively moving a joint past its active ROM (involuntary movement) = ?

A

PROM

36
Q

the “springiness” allowed by the soft tissues at the end of passive ROM = ?

A

end-feel

37
Q

normal ROM is also referred to as ___ ROM or ___ ROM

A

anatomic; physiologic

38
Q

Determining factors of normal ROM

A
  1. joint shape
  2. joint capsule/ligaments
  3. muscle/tendon
  4. surrounding structures
39
Q

arthrokinematics is defined as the motion of one ___ surface relative to the one ___

A

joint; adjacent

40
Q

3 main motions in arthrokinematics

A

roll; slide; spin

41
Q

what type of arthrokinematic motion is like a tire on a road?

A

roll

42
Q

what type of arthrokinematic motion is defined as one surface glides over another; purely translatory?

A

slide

43
Q

Material deformation to maintain load over time which recovers after load is remove

A

Creep

44
Q

Internal reaction of a structure to an applied force load referred to

A

Stress

45
Q

Mechanism of Wolff’s law is that bone collagen and other crystaline and have electrical field which exhibit

A

Piezoelectric properties

46
Q

Mechanical advantage or disadvantage of lever system is calculated by

A

M ad = EA/RA

47
Q

Tearing off piece of bone @ attachment site of tendon/liga

A

Avulsion

48
Q

Failure of boney material as result of applied load

A

Fx

49
Q

Cartilage that is tough, smooth, occurs on joint surface 2 decrease friction

A

Hyaline

50
Q

Flat sacs of synovial membrane containing synovial fluid, decrease friction btn structures

A

Bursae

51
Q

Withstand significant tensile forces attach bone to muscle

A

Tendon

52
Q

3rd class lever

A

Mechanical disadvantage;

53
Q

2nd class lever

A

Mechanical advantage;

54
Q

1st class lever

A

Mechanical advantage; disadvantage; neutral

55
Q

4 class of human connective tissues

A

CT proper, cartilage, bone, blood

56
Q

What type of arthrokinematic motion involves rotation of one surface over another; purely rotary

A

spin

57
Q

Full abduction of GH joint to 180 degrees requires

A

roll; slide, spin

58
Q

example of closed chain movement

A

leg press against foot plate

59
Q

closed chain is not synonymous with ___-___

A

weight bearing

60
Q

in what type of chain are both ends of a segment or set of segments constrained and not free to move in space?

A

closed chain

61
Q

in what type of chain is one end of a segment or set of segments free to move in space?

A

open chain

62
Q

EA may be equal to, greater than, or less than RA in what lever class?

A

1st class lever

63
Q

EA is greater than RA in what type of lever?

A

2nd class

64
Q

in 1st-class levers, M Ad is ___, ___ or ___ to 1

A

greater; lesser; equal

65
Q

in 2nd-class levers, the M Ad is ___ than 1

A

greater

66
Q

second-class levers are involved in ___ contraction

A

eccentric

67
Q

EA is less than RA in what class of lever?; M ad is less than 1

A

3rd class lever

68
Q

which lever system is involved in concentric contraction?

A

3rd

69
Q

mechanical advantage is the measure of the ___ ___ of a lever system

A

mechanical efficiency

70
Q

ligaments and tendons generally go through a gradual transition in ___, classified into ___, as they attach to bones and/or muscles. this serves to diffuse ___ in the tissues that are subjected to primarily ___ forces (muscle) to tissue subjected to ___ and ___ forces (bone, cartilage, ligaments)

A

materials; zones; load; tensile; compressive, tensile

71
Q

which cellular component consists of cartilage and types II, IX, and XI collagens?

A

chondroblast

72
Q

which cellular components consist of types I and V collagens?

A

osteoblasts and osteoids

73
Q

which cellular component consists of loose connective tissue and is made up of types I and IV collagens?

A

fibroblasts

74
Q

2 structural components of tissue

A

cellular components and extracellular matrix

75
Q

ligaments are ___% cellular and ___% extracellular

A

20%; 80%

76
Q

which type of cartilage is very flexible and resilient; occurs in ears, nose, skin, etc.?

A

elastic

77
Q

which type of cartilage is tough and very smooth; occurs at the ends of bones (joint surfaces); greatly reduces friction?

A

hyaline

78
Q

4 types of specific joint CT structures

A

ligaments, tendons, bursae, cartliage

79
Q

Collagen

A

possesses tremendous tensile strength and provides the functional integrity of CT; accounts for 25-30% of all protein found in mammals; sometimes referred to as the “glue” of the body; main substance of connective tissue; most abundant protein in the body

80
Q

bone consists of compact (___) and spongy (___ or ___) layers; hardest CT due to inorganic ___

A

cortical; cancellous, trabecular; hydroxyapatite

81
Q

CT proper varied in ___ and ___

A

density; elasticity

82
Q

blood is fluid with ___ components

A

cellular

83
Q

ligaments connect bone to ___; few cells with much ___-___ material/matrix, mostly collagen with some ___

A

bone; extra-cellular; elastin

MT Spinal Biomechanics Test 2 (1 decks)

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