Exam 2 Mutli Choice Flashcards
Understand the Fear Circuit
Info comes in from the world; to the thalamus; to either amygdala or prefrontal cortex
If fear information goes to the amygdala first then…
The stress response starts quickly (mostly unconscious)
If fear information goes to the prefrontal cortex first then…
The stress response starts slowly (thinking about it; intentional)
How do the amygdala and prefrontal cortex communicate?
The P.C. can tell the amygdala to calm down; the amygdala can tell P.C. to get anxious
How is GABA associated with anxiety?
People with GAD have limited GABA; which is released to inhibit “anxious” neurons from firing
Most common class of antiaxiety drugs
Benzodiazepines
Characteristics of Benzodiazepines
Provides temporary relief, causes drowsiness, anxiety with withdrawal, physical dependence is possible, mixes poorly with other drugs
Most common class of drugs used to treat most anxiety disorders
Antidepressants
Typical characteristics of antidepressants
Affects serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain, regulates the fear circuit
3 Cognitive New Wave Explanations for Anxiety
-Intolerance of Uncertainty
-Avoidance Theory
-Meta Worry
Intolerance of Uncertainty
Some people have a higher tolerance to the unknown
Avoidance Theory
Some of us are very uncomfortable with the physical experience of stress
Meta Worry
Sometimes we judge ourselves for being anxious (worry about worrying)
What is the biological challenge?
The induction of physical sensations to cause panic
What is “preparedness?”
The idea that we are inherently more prepared to be afraid of some things over others (we are “primed” to be afraid of certain things)
How does stimulus generalization of Specific Phobias help explain GAD?
A person is afraid of one thing; they avoid that thing; the stimulus and its responses become more generalized; person becomes generally anxious
Common treatments for Social Anxiety?
Antidepressants, CBT, Social Skills Training, Exposure Therapy
What are the two common areas of the brain associated with OCD and Body Dysmorphic DO?
-(Overactive) orbital frontal cortex
-(Overactive) left hemisphere
What is thought action fusion?
A risk factor for OCD involving a belief that thinking something is the same as doing it (thoughts are equal to behavior)
What are the 4 clusters of symptoms associated with Stress DOs?
-Intrusion
-Dissociative
-Avoidance
-Arousal
What two hormones/NTs seem most implicated in producing stress?
-Cortisol
-Norepinephrine
What are the 7 common traumas associated with creating Stress DOs?
-Combat
-Natural disasters
-Mass shootings
-Terrorism
-Physical victimization
-Sexual assault/trauma
Common reasons why some people develop a Stress DO when exposed to stress and others don’t
Differing biological systems, personalities, childhood experiences, social support systems, cultural backgrounds, severity of the trauma
WET Treatment
Written Exposure Therapy
EMDR Treatment
Eye Movement Desensitization & Reprocessing
What are WET & EMDR Therapies?
Different types of exposure therapies for trauma/stress DOs
What has replaced Psychological Debriefing after community traumas & why?
Psychological first aid; P.D. has been found to actually cause PTSD in people who would’ve never had it
What are the 2 main categories of symptom dysfunction associated with Conversion DO?
Altered voluntary MOTOR or SENSORY function
What personality characteristic is associated with Conversion DO?
High suggestibility
4 Treatments for conversion and somatic DOs
-Education
-Changes in reinforcement
-Exposure flooding
-Cognitive restructuring
What is Localized Amnesia?
Inability to remember ALL events occurring within a LIMITED time period
What is Selective Amnesia?
Inability to remember SOME events occurring within a period
What is Generalized Amnesia?
Inability to remember extending back in time - loss of identity
What is Fugue?
A dissociation involving WANDERING/TRAVEL - making a new life (often from generalized)
What are the 3 ways DID personalities differ from one another?
-Identifying features
-Ability & preference
-Physiology
What DO is DID most often comorbid with?
BPD
Evidence for the Sociocognitive Explanation for DID
-DID is NOT a true DO; caused by media/therapist
-Rapid increase in 80s after movies/novels; differences in culture
-Clients already in therapy for other DOs, false memory syndrome; clients rewarded for showing different personalitities
What are the 4 areas of the brain in the depression circuit?
-Amygdala
-Prefrontal Cortex
-Hippocampus
-Subgenual Cingulate (AKA Broadmann Area 25)
What are the 4 common drug groups used to treat Depression?
-MAO Inhibitors
-Tricyclics
-SSRIs
-Ketamine
How quickly do SSRIs work for mood DOs?
10 days-3 weeks before improvement
What is the most common and most problematic side effect of SSRIs?
PSSD: Post SSRI Sexual Dysfunction
What is treatment resistant depression?
Failure to respond to 2 types of antidepressants
What is Electroconvulsive Therapy?
-Treatment for TRD
-Electrodes on scalp, strapped down, stimulating motor cortex, extreme muscle tension
-10 sessions
What is Vagus Nerve Stimulation?
-Treatment for TRD
-“Battery” connected to the vagus nerve, which is responsible for sending signals to the depression circuit to turn on/off
-INVASIVE
-9 months
What is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation?
-Treatment for TRD
-Magnetic waves from a cap with magnets on it, which turn up or down the electric responses of the brain; “flashes”
-LEAST invasive
What is Deep Brain Stimulation?
-Treatment for TRD
-“Modern Trephination”
-Drill into skull, completely awake, inserts an electrode into Broadmann Area 25, turns on
-Immediately works
-Must destroy brain tissue to do this
-Potential death
What is Artifact Theory?
Women & men are equally prone to depression; but clinicians often fail to detect depression in men
What is Life Stress Theory?
Women in most societies experience more stress than men
What is Body Dissatisfaction Theory?
Women in most societies are taught to seek unreasonable goals that are unhealthy
What is Lack-of-Control Theory?
Women feel less control over their lives than men
What is Rumination Theory?
People who ruminate when sad are more likely to become depressed & stay depressed longer
What is mania?
-Active, powerful emotions, need for excitement, little need for sleep, very active/quick activity, poor judgement
-For at least a week
What is Bipolar vs Unipolar Depression?
-With Bipolar Depression, one will typically experience both depressive & manic episodes
-With Unipolar Depression, one will typically only experience depressive episodes
How does the permissive theory of NTs explain Bipolar vs Unipolar Depression?
-Depression: Low serotonin, low norepinephrine
-Mania: Low serotonin, high norepinephrine
-Norepinephrine causes manic episodes
What are the most common drug therapies for Bipolar DO?
-Lithium
-Antiseizure Drugs
-Second-Generation Antipsychotics
When does psychotherapy work for Bipolar DO?
When combined with mood stabilizers
What new childhood mood DO was created for the DSM-5 and why?
Disruptive Mood DO; doctors were diagnosing young children with Bipolar DO
What are the SIGNS of suicide?
-Sleep Disturbance
-Isolation
-Giving Away Posessions
-No Interest in Anything
-Seeing no Future
Five Steps of Assessing Suicide Risk
-Pervasiveness of Mood
-Strength of Desire
-Is There a Plan?
-Are Resources Available to Carry out Plan?
-Do they have attachment relationship?
What is a binge episode?
An often secret episode of eating large amounts of food in a single sitting
Common Compensatory Behaviors (Bulimia)
Vomiting, laxatives, excessive exercise/fasting
How are mood and eating DOs related?
Mood DOs “set the stage” for EDs
What groups of women are more likely to suffer from EDs?
Models, dancers, actors, college athletes
What are the two stages in treating Anorexia?
-Return to healthy weight
-Improve psychology
3 Phases of Maudsley Approach
-Restore Weight (Model parents’ uncritical stance)
-Return Control to Sufferer (Address parental concerns)
-Healthy Adolescent Identity (Increase autonomy, negotiate parental boundaries)
3 Phases of Interpersonal Therapy (Bulimia)
-Identify interpersonal problems (Role disputes/transitions, Interpersonal deficits, Unresolved grief)
-Patient-Led Change (Therapist strongly encourages change)
-Maintenance (Relapse prevention)
Between Anorexia & Bulimia who is more likely to receive in-patient treatment?
Anorexia
Between Anorexia & Bulimia who is more likely to receive antidepressant therapy?
Bulimia
Most Common Depressants
-Alcohol
-Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs
-Opioids
Most Common Stimulants
-Cocaine
-Amphetamines
-Caffeine
-Nicotine
What NT does alcohol affect?
Helps GABA (an inhibitory messenger) shut down neurons and relax
What NT does heroin (opioids) affect?
Mimics endorphins; binds to receptors that receive endorphins
What NT does cocaine affect?
Increases dopamine; prevents its reabsorption
What NT does LSD affect?
Binds to serotonin receptors; floods brain with serotonin activity
