Exam 2 Musings

Question 1

What are the percentages of plasma and formed elements in blood?

Answer 1

55-60%

Question 2

Name the formed elements.

Answer 2

plasma, buffy coat (white blood cells and platelets), and Hematocrit (Hct)

Question 3

What is the term for the production of formed elements in the red marrow?

Answer 3

haematopoiesis

Question 4

What do you know about an Erythrocyte, Haemoglobin?

Answer 4

Erythrocytes are red blood cells that contain haemoglobin.
Erythrocytes: carry O2 and some CO2, 4-6million/mm^3, no nucleus, live approx. 4 months
Haemoglobin: red pigment, 4 polypeptide chains (globin) each with haeme group and Fe to bind to O2

Question 5

Where does bilirubin come from and what is its fate?

Answer 5

toxic waste by-product formed out of the residual haeme group; dumped into the bile and emptied into the small intestine and turned into feces

Question 6

Distinguish between the Anaemias given in class.

Answer 6

1. Nutritional: protein, Fe, folic acid, B12 (intrinsic Factor)
2. Haemorrhagic: blood loss
3. Haemolytic: sickle cell, thalassemia, erythroblastosis foetalis (Rh)
4. Aplastic: suppressed bone marrow

Question 7

What is the role of thrombocytes? What is Thrombopoietin?

Answer 7

form platelet plugs and help in clotting; gets red marrow to keep producing platelets.

Question 8

What kinds of functions do Plasma Proteins perform in blood? What is serum?

Answer 8

produce antibodies and contain clotting factors, fine-tunes osmotic pressure; plasma minus clotting factors (proteins)

Question 9

What are the main, natural ways Haemostasis is maintained?

Answer 9

vasospasm, platelet plug, and coagulation

Question 10

How to the Extrinsic and Intrinsic Pathways differ

Answer 10

Extrinsic: urgent, more bleeding
triggering even- tissue damage
activating substance- VII
clotting factor activated- X

Intrinsic: may not be activated if platelet plug is good enough
triggering event- blood contacts foreign surface/substance
activating substance- XII
clotting factor activated- X

Question 11

What roles does Antithrombin play in Haemostasis? Heparin?

Answer 11

binds thrombin that prevents fibrinogen activation; inhibits cascade temporarily, released when tissues are injured to prolong bleeding and bathe damaged tissues with healing elements in the blood

Question 12

How does tPA work?

Answer 12

it converts plasminogen to plasmin then digests clots and some clotting proteins

Question 13

What is the difference between an Anticoagulant and a Thrombolytic agent? Name some of each.

Answer 13

Anticoagulant: blood thinners (antithrombin, heparin

Thrombolytic agents: digests clots (tPA, killikrein)

Question 14

What are two ways stasis is managed as a potential problem, i.e to avoid Thrombosis?

Answer 14

rapid blood flow and anticoagulants

Question 15

What is the role of Vitamin K in coagulation? Why is Vitamin C important to vessels?

Answer 15

Vitamin K helps in the conversion of 4 clotting factors, helps blood clot
Vitamin C is necessary to make collagen in the blood

Question 16

What is DVT?

Answer 16

deep vein thrombosis caused by stasis or phlebitis (inflammation in large veins); a clot stuck in a vein deep in the body

Question 17

How does Thrombosis manifest differently in arteries and veins? What are some conditions that cause Thrombosis?

Answer 17

Arterial: thrombus–embolism to capillary bed of a nearby organ (brain and heart most critical)
Venous: embolism–lungs

Question 18

Name 5 types of Leukocytes and their roles.

Answer 18

1. Neutrophils: fight bacterial infections
2. Eosinophils: anti-inflammatory agent released to contain inflammation
3. Basophils: release inflammatory agents and heparin (anticoagulant)
4. Lymphocytes: T and B cells conduct immune response to attack microbes, transplants, and tumors; Nk are independent killer cells
5. Monocytes: macrophages that kill microbes and clean up tissues

Question 19

Give some conditions or diseases that cause Leukocytosis and Leukopenia.

Answer 19

bacterial infection, viral infections, parasitic infections/allergies, leukemia: leukocytosis
stress, HIV/AIDS: leukopenia

Question 20

What is an Objective Study?

Answer 20

Scientific research must be (unbiased) to be trustworthy. It is uncolored by (authority), (personal beliefs), (emotions), or (conflicts of interest).