Exam #2 multiple choice section Flashcards
Totality of Circumstances
Factors used in determining the waiver, such as age, competency, education level, ability to understand the charges, and length of interrogation
Guardian ad Litem
Court appoints someone in place of parent or guardian if they’re not able to appear on their behalf or parent’s interests conflict with the juvenile, such as in abuse or neglect cases.
Unofficially adjusted
A number of juvenile cases are unofficially adjusted by law enforcement personnel at the initial encounters or at the stationhouse (Section 6323)
- especially if juveniles have good demeanor
Police discretion
When officers exercise judgment on what type of action to take in a particular situation
Important factors that influence officers’ actions
demeanor and nature of the offense
Street corner adjustments or stationhouse adjustments
When officers make informal adjustments with juveniles such as reprimanding and releasing child.
(Eg. neighbor wants child to leave and not press charges, so officer just tells child to leave the premise)
Mandated Reporters
Those who are required by the state to report suspected cases of abuse of juveniles
- Police are often required to report suspected incidents of child abuse or neglect to the state dept of children and family services
Official procedures
To be followed when processing juveniles are clearly spelled out in juvenile court acts. Juvenile procedures are different than adult court.
Keepin’ it Real Program
Ranked among the top 3 overall with a cost benefit of $28 in benefits for every $1 spent. Has proven effectiveness in reducing adolescent alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco use in 7th and 8th grade students
Olweus Bullying Prevention Program
Effective in reducing bullying and attitudes in upper and middle class but have not tested in low-income schools
Unofficial probation
Imposed by prosecutors
They may state to child prosecution will be withheld if the suspect agrees to behave according to guidelines
Court-appointed counsel
Juveniles who do not have money to hire private counsel are represented by public defenders
Defense counsel and prosecutor…
…may find it easier to negotiate a particular case rather than to fight it out in court because cases are costly in time and money
Lawgiver judge
Concerned with procedures. Has less interest in the total personality of the juvenile than in the evidence of the case at hand
Parent Figure judge
Concerned about the total well-being of juveniles
- May overlook formalities of due process
Maryvale Teen Court
Crystal Dorosky first to appear in this court
- Teen court used for minor charges (alcohol, theft less than $250
- The hardest critics are your peers
Probation is?
The oldest and most widely used disposition
Probation officers…
…are officers of the court and must act as authority figures and disciplinarians
- Some view themselves as social workers to facilitate treatment and rehabiliation
Electronic monitoring
- Are tools to help probation officers in supervising juveniles
GPS
Global positioning system to track the movements and locations of probationers, warn victims if necessary, and determine if probationers are “off-limits”
Children and Family Services Personnel
If the allegations of abuse or neglect are found to be true, caseworkers from children and family services are involved in assisting the children involved in court proceedings
CASA
Court-Appointed Special Advocates - work closely with departments of children and family services on abuse and neglect cases, not for delinquent children
Net widening
Bringing to the attention of juvenile authorities children who otherwise would not be labeled, as a result increases stigmatization.
A second issue relates to the coordinating of diversion programs and the agencies sponsoring them
Restorative Justice
Defines crime as an offense against an individual
- Belief that those most affected by the crime should have the opportunity to be involved in resolving the issue
- Designed to hold youth accountable, take responsibility for the needs of the victim, and involve
the community
Restorative Justice advocates program examples
- Victim-offender mediation
- Victim-impact panels
- community service
- community sentencing
- *slightly lover recidivism rates for offenders receiving restorative justice**
Head Start and Follow Through
Designed to help culturally deprived children to catch up or keep pace during their preschool and early school years.
- If children behind in basic skills = failure or rejection
- Both programs have shown that children who are socioeconomically deprived can and do make progress when parents, teachers and volunteers focus on children (mentioned in book There are No Children Here)
Edwin Schur Prof. Workman’s counselor
-Encouraged the development of an approach to delinquency prevention
- His approach called Radical Intervention
That delinquency-defining processes should be focused on, encourage society to accept diversity of behaviors and attitudes.
(Ex. certain behaviors are considered offensive only because juveniles commit the crime)
3 ways to accomplish some form of prevention:
- Changing juvenile behavior
- Changing the rules governing that behavior
- Changing societal conditions leading to that behavior
Revocation of Probation
Probation violation and may result in a sentence that could have initially been given by the judge
3 types of violations
- Technical
- Rearrest for a new crime or act of delinquency
- Fleeing jurisdiction
Technical violation
Are worked out between the probationer and probation officer, usually don’t result in a revocation action
Conditional release
Release on probation, probationer still subject to terms
Labeling process
May exaggerate problems in family, school and amongst peers.
Only positive role model may be probation officer
Intensive supervision
Usually done when it’s juvenile’s last change before incarceration
Day Reporting Centers
Provide highly structured, nonresidential programs for series juvenile offenders Offer GED classes, drug and alcohol treatment, conflict resolution
Victim-offender reconciliation program
Payment of restitution directly to the victim by the offender
Section 6301 - core concepts of restorative justice
accountability, competency, and public safety
Accountability in restorative justice is used to explain…
how offenders are to respond to the harm they have caused the victim/community
“making things right”
Competency is?
To educate them
Public safety?
Balanced strategy that establishes new relationships with schools, employers, community groups, and with victims
Away syndrome
Out of sight out of mind attitude
- Discourages attempts to find alternatives to incarceration, happens when become frustrated with unsuccessful attempts at rehabilitation
Private detention facilities
house fewer delinquents and less focused on strict custody
-Many provide treatment programs to focus on behavior and minimize isolation
Public detention and juvenile prison
- located in larger urban areas in cells/domitory setting
- last resort for serious delinquents
Isolation of juveniles results in…
- makes reintegration into society difficult
- pressure to conform to standards in the facility
- peer pressure in juvenile correctional facilities
- Juveniles assigned to programs in the facility based on vacancies than what the particular juvenile needs
- distrust among staff members
* *Rehabilitators believe that custodians have litter interest and expertise
* *Custodians believe that rehabilitators are “too liberal”
Shock intervention or boot camp
3 to 6 months
Boot camps involve minor legal problems
Two types of juvenile gun owners:
- low risk and 2. high risk
High risk juveniles
who owned guns were morel likely to carry guns regularly, own guns for protection, seek respect, and associate with others who own guns for protection
5 Indicators that serve as potential warning signs of potential juvenile gun violence:
- Exposure to violence
- A lack of success
- Social rejection/poor social support
- Intense anger
- Inability to express feelings
Chicago gang known as?
Blackstone Rangers
Federal definition of gangs
Developed by the U.S. Dept of Justice
- An association with 3 or more people
- Members identify themselves (slogan/tattoo)
- Purpose to engage in criminal activity
- Members engage in criminal activity/intent to preserve power
Simon City Royals
White gang from Chicago
- Formed to stop invasion of Hispanic gangs into their city
- This gang performed burglaries and home invasions
Gangs engage in a wide variety of crimes, but starts with?
Vandalism
…then harassment, armed robbery, extortion
Pushes and pulls
Pushes are external factors, push a person towards gangs
Pulls are internal factors that make gang life attractive
Gang members age range from and gender?
8 - 55 and mostly male
Spergel model
- intended to reduce crime
- a team to deliver services and solving problems
(use outreach workers, economic opportunities)
Globalization
increased connectivity with other countries due to technology and cultural shifts
World Youth Report
Document describing delinquency around the world
- indicates that number of children in difficult circumstances has increased
Conflict with the law
Criteria that are common around the world about delinquency
Urbanization
Conditions become more congested, family dynamic changes due to work demands, delinquency exists no mater what cultural/national background
Street gangs are intergenerational means?
Passed onto next generation
Which country has less serious violent crime and why?
Europe
Tighter gun control
Roper v. Simmons
Court looked at laws of other countries as supportive material as a rationale for its decision
- Can’t execute offenders under 18
Revitalized juvenile justice system
Swift intervention with early offenders, individual assessment, transfer of serious/chronic offenders, intensive aftercare
Juvenile drug-crime cycle
Substance abuse will likely continue to be correlated with most of the other delinquent acts and crime
Future offenders will tend to be the following:
- members of racial minority groups
- unhealthy
- infected with sexually transmitted disease
- overly emotional
- having children of their own
- gang affiliated
- unmarried
- from single parent household
Graham v. Florida
- Held that juvenile offenders cannot be sentenced to life imprisonment without parole for non-homicide offenses
- But that ife without parole is still appropriate for homicides
Miller v. Alabama
- Mandatory sentences of life without the possibility of parole are unconstitutional for juvenile offenders
- Judges have to consider the defendant’s youth and the nature of the crime before sentencing the defendant to imprisonment with no hope for parole
Jackson v. Hobbs
- The Eighth Amendment prohibits a sentencing scheme that requires life in prison without the possibility of parole for juvenile homicide offenders
