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CrimJ 441 Juvenile Justice > Exam #2 multiple choice section > Flashcards

Exam #2 multiple choice section Flashcards

1
Q

Totality of Circumstances

A

Factors used in determining the waiver, such as age, competency, education level, ability to understand the charges, and length of interrogation

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2
Q

Guardian ad Litem

A

Court appoints someone in place of parent or guardian if they’re not able to appear on their behalf or parent’s interests conflict with the juvenile, such as in abuse or neglect cases.

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3
Q

Unofficially adjusted

A

A number of juvenile cases are unofficially adjusted by law enforcement personnel at the initial encounters or at the stationhouse (Section 6323)
- especially if juveniles have good demeanor

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4
Q

Police discretion

A

When officers exercise judgment on what type of action to take in a particular situation

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5
Q

Important factors that influence officers’ actions

A

demeanor and nature of the offense

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6
Q

Street corner adjustments or stationhouse adjustments

A

When officers make informal adjustments with juveniles such as reprimanding and releasing child.
(Eg. neighbor wants child to leave and not press charges, so officer just tells child to leave the premise)

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7
Q

Mandated Reporters

A

Those who are required by the state to report suspected cases of abuse of juveniles
- Police are often required to report suspected incidents of child abuse or neglect to the state dept of children and family services

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8
Q

Official procedures

A

To be followed when processing juveniles are clearly spelled out in juvenile court acts. Juvenile procedures are different than adult court.

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9
Q

Keepin’ it Real Program

A

Ranked among the top 3 overall with a cost benefit of $28 in benefits for every $1 spent. Has proven effectiveness in reducing adolescent alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco use in 7th and 8th grade students

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10
Q

Olweus Bullying Prevention Program

A

Effective in reducing bullying and attitudes in upper and middle class but have not tested in low-income schools

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11
Q

Unofficial probation

A

Imposed by prosecutors

They may state to child prosecution will be withheld if the suspect agrees to behave according to guidelines

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12
Q

Court-appointed counsel

A

Juveniles who do not have money to hire private counsel are represented by public defenders

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13
Q

Defense counsel and prosecutor…

A

…may find it easier to negotiate a particular case rather than to fight it out in court because cases are costly in time and money

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14
Q

Lawgiver judge

A

Concerned with procedures. Has less interest in the total personality of the juvenile than in the evidence of the case at hand

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15
Q

Parent Figure judge

A

Concerned about the total well-being of juveniles

- May overlook formalities of due process

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16
Q

Maryvale Teen Court

A

Crystal Dorosky first to appear in this court

  • Teen court used for minor charges (alcohol, theft less than $250
  • The hardest critics are your peers
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17
Q

Probation is?

A

The oldest and most widely used disposition

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18
Q

Probation officers…

A

…are officers of the court and must act as authority figures and disciplinarians
- Some view themselves as social workers to facilitate treatment and rehabiliation

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19
Q

Electronic monitoring

A
  • Are tools to help probation officers in supervising juveniles
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20
Q

GPS

A

Global positioning system to track the movements and locations of probationers, warn victims if necessary, and determine if probationers are “off-limits”

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21
Q

Children and Family Services Personnel

A

If the allegations of abuse or neglect are found to be true, caseworkers from children and family services are involved in assisting the children involved in court proceedings

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22
Q

CASA

A

Court-Appointed Special Advocates - work closely with departments of children and family services on abuse and neglect cases, not for delinquent children

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23
Q

Net widening

A

Bringing to the attention of juvenile authorities children who otherwise would not be labeled, as a result increases stigmatization.
A second issue relates to the coordinating of diversion programs and the agencies sponsoring them

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24
Q

Restorative Justice

A

Defines crime as an offense against an individual
- Belief that those most affected by the crime should have the opportunity to be involved in resolving the issue
- Designed to hold youth accountable, take responsibility for the needs of the victim, and involve
the community

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25
Q

Restorative Justice advocates program examples

A
  • Victim-offender mediation
  • Victim-impact panels
  • community service
  • community sentencing
  • *slightly lover recidivism rates for offenders receiving restorative justice**
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26
Q

Head Start and Follow Through

A

Designed to help culturally deprived children to catch up or keep pace during their preschool and early school years.

  • If children behind in basic skills = failure or rejection
  • Both programs have shown that children who are socioeconomically deprived can and do make progress when parents, teachers and volunteers focus on children (mentioned in book There are No Children Here)
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27
Q

Edwin Schur Prof. Workman’s counselor

A

-Encouraged the development of an approach to delinquency prevention
- His approach called Radical Intervention
That delinquency-defining processes should be focused on, encourage society to accept diversity of behaviors and attitudes.
(Ex. certain behaviors are considered offensive only because juveniles commit the crime)

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28
Q

3 ways to accomplish some form of prevention:

A
  1. Changing juvenile behavior
  2. Changing the rules governing that behavior
  3. Changing societal conditions leading to that behavior
29
Q

Revocation of Probation

A

Probation violation and may result in a sentence that could have initially been given by the judge

30
Q

3 types of violations

A
  1. Technical
  2. Rearrest for a new crime or act of delinquency
  3. Fleeing jurisdiction
31
Q

Technical violation

A

Are worked out between the probationer and probation officer, usually don’t result in a revocation action

32
Q

Conditional release

A

Release on probation, probationer still subject to terms

33
Q

Labeling process

A

May exaggerate problems in family, school and amongst peers.

Only positive role model may be probation officer

34
Q

Intensive supervision

A

Usually done when it’s juvenile’s last change before incarceration

35
Q

Day Reporting Centers

A

Provide highly structured, nonresidential programs for series juvenile offenders Offer GED classes, drug and alcohol treatment, conflict resolution

36
Q

Victim-offender reconciliation program

A

Payment of restitution directly to the victim by the offender

37
Q

Section 6301 - core concepts of restorative justice

A

accountability, competency, and public safety

38
Q

Accountability in restorative justice is used to explain…

A

how offenders are to respond to the harm they have caused the victim/community
“making things right”

39
Q

Competency is?

A

To educate them

40
Q

Public safety?

A

Balanced strategy that establishes new relationships with schools, employers, community groups, and with victims

41
Q

Away syndrome

A

Out of sight out of mind attitude
- Discourages attempts to find alternatives to incarceration, happens when become frustrated with unsuccessful attempts at rehabilitation

42
Q

Private detention facilities

A

house fewer delinquents and less focused on strict custody

-Many provide treatment programs to focus on behavior and minimize isolation

43
Q

Public detention and juvenile prison

A
  • located in larger urban areas in cells/domitory setting

- last resort for serious delinquents

44
Q

Isolation of juveniles results in…

A
  1. makes reintegration into society difficult
  2. pressure to conform to standards in the facility
  3. peer pressure in juvenile correctional facilities
  4. Juveniles assigned to programs in the facility based on vacancies than what the particular juvenile needs
  5. distrust among staff members
    * *Rehabilitators believe that custodians have litter interest and expertise
    * *Custodians believe that rehabilitators are “too liberal”
45
Q

Shock intervention or boot camp

A

3 to 6 months

Boot camps involve minor legal problems

46
Q

Two types of juvenile gun owners:

A
  1. low risk and 2. high risk
47
Q

High risk juveniles

A

who owned guns were morel likely to carry guns regularly, own guns for protection, seek respect, and associate with others who own guns for protection

48
Q

5 Indicators that serve as potential warning signs of potential juvenile gun violence:

A
  1. Exposure to violence
  2. A lack of success
  3. Social rejection/poor social support
  4. Intense anger
  5. Inability to express feelings
49
Q

Chicago gang known as?

A

Blackstone Rangers

50
Q

Federal definition of gangs

Developed by the U.S. Dept of Justice

A
  • An association with 3 or more people
  • Members identify themselves (slogan/tattoo)
  • Purpose to engage in criminal activity
  • Members engage in criminal activity/intent to preserve power
51
Q

Simon City Royals

A

White gang from Chicago

  • Formed to stop invasion of Hispanic gangs into their city
  • This gang performed burglaries and home invasions
52
Q

Gangs engage in a wide variety of crimes, but starts with?

A

Vandalism

…then harassment, armed robbery, extortion

53
Q

Pushes and pulls

A

Pushes are external factors, push a person towards gangs

Pulls are internal factors that make gang life attractive

54
Q

Gang members age range from and gender?

A

8 - 55 and mostly male

55
Q

Spergel model

A
  • intended to reduce crime
  • a team to deliver services and solving problems
    (use outreach workers, economic opportunities)
56
Q

Globalization

A

increased connectivity with other countries due to technology and cultural shifts

57
Q

World Youth Report

A

Document describing delinquency around the world

- indicates that number of children in difficult circumstances has increased

58
Q

Conflict with the law

A

Criteria that are common around the world about delinquency

59
Q

Urbanization

A

Conditions become more congested, family dynamic changes due to work demands, delinquency exists no mater what cultural/national background

60
Q

Street gangs are intergenerational means?

A

Passed onto next generation

61
Q

Which country has less serious violent crime and why?

A

Europe

Tighter gun control

62
Q

Roper v. Simmons

A

Court looked at laws of other countries as supportive material as a rationale for its decision
- Can’t execute offenders under 18

63
Q

Revitalized juvenile justice system

A

Swift intervention with early offenders, individual assessment, transfer of serious/chronic offenders, intensive aftercare

64
Q

Juvenile drug-crime cycle

A

Substance abuse will likely continue to be correlated with most of the other delinquent acts and crime

65
Q

Future offenders will tend to be the following:

A
  • members of racial minority groups
  • unhealthy
  • infected with sexually transmitted disease
  • overly emotional
  • having children of their own
  • gang affiliated
  • unmarried
  • from single parent household
66
Q

Graham v. Florida

A
  • Held that juvenile offenders cannot be sentenced to life imprisonment without parole for non-homicide offenses
  • But that ife without parole is still appropriate for homicides
67
Q

Miller v. Alabama

A
  • Mandatory sentences of life without the possibility of parole are unconstitutional for juvenile offenders
  • Judges have to consider the defendant’s youth and the nature of the crime before sentencing the defendant to imprisonment with no hope for parole
68
Q

Jackson v. Hobbs

A
  • The Eighth Amendment prohibits a sentencing scheme that requires life in prison without the possibility of parole for juvenile homicide offenders

CrimJ 441 Juvenile Justice (2 decks)

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