Exam 2 Module 4

Question 1

is culture learned?

Answer 1

yes, is is NOT genetically determined

Question 2

enculturation

Answer 2

the process of an individual first learning the cultural and societal norms from their family and then from the community as they grow up

Question 3

can culture be “relearned?”

Answer 3

yes, may be harder to as an individual gets older but if they have the motivation / willingness, it’s possible

Question 4

culture is often described as “integrated.” what does this mean? give an example

Answer 4

It is insufficient to pick out specific traits when discussing culture because each part of a culture is interrelated and interdependent
EX: three meal a day regimen in America, Native Americans often described as “grazers” (they simply eat when they’re hungry)

Question 5

culture can be described as tacit. what does that mean?

Answer 5

culture is rarely discussed as it is being learned. The process of learning it is unconscious, and therefore taken for granted.

Question 6

explain why / how culture is dynamic & give an example

Answer 6

culture can change over time due to external / societal & policy influences
EX: sex education in schools now (over 100 years ago, this was unacceptable to discuss)

Question 7

how can culture affect health?

Answer 7

“healing and recovery include a patient’s role in connecting to a belief system that promotes good thoughts, feelings and behaviors.”
It is imperative that we understand the culture that influences our patients, because once we have discharged them from the hospital, the rest of the healing process depends on how they can continue to heal at home.

Question 8

what are the 5 characteristics of culture?

Answer 8

1. learned
2. integrated
3. shared
4. tacit
5. dynamic

Question 9

what is ethnocentrism?

Answer 9

evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one’s own culture (negatively judging behavior of other cultures rather than seeking to understand the behavior)

Question 10

what is an example of ethnocentrism on a global level?

Answer 10

Christian nations imposing their values on cultures they deem inferior thinking it is in their best interest

Question 11

what is an example of ethnocentrism on an individual level?

Answer 11

manifests itself in criticizing child-rearing practices or assuming that a person with an arm covered in tattoos is a gang member.

Question 12

what is cultural destructiveness? give an example

Answer 12

completely disregarding the culture of a group you deem inferior to yours
EX: expressing directly to your patients that they should be grateful to be receiving services OR
“If you want to shop at my store, you should learn to speak English!”

Question 13

give an example of cultural resistance / incapacity

Answer 13

You’ll use the dominant population as the norm for assessment, planning treatments and determining services; ignoring or delaying a patient’s request for privacy to pray at a certain time of day

Question 14

describe cultural neutrality / blindness

Answer 14

viewing and treating all people as the same; believe that in doing this, that you are treating your clients equally, but sometimes you may be offending them by disregarding their cultural norms OR
“I don’t see color phase”

Question 15

True or false: you need to reach cultural competence in order to make a difference in your patients’ lives

Answer 15

False - research suggests that cultural safety is just as important as cultural competency

Question 16

culture safety means the provider is understanding of what three things?

Answer 16

1. the power differentials that exist within the society
2. the provider’s culture can influence his / her clinical decision making
3. with cultural competency, the focus is on the culture of the patient; w cultural safety, the focus is on the influence of the provider’s culture

Question 17

Management of health problems in diverse populations happen through which 4 things?

Answer 17

1. Providing Health Information and Education (ie, health promotion!)
2. Delivering and Financing Health Services
3. Developing Health Professionals from Minority Groups
4. Promoting a Research Agenda on Minority Health Issues

Question 18

what are the three focused areas considered in implementing culturally competent health promotion interventions with diverse populations?

Answer 18

1. Community - focused
2. Culturally - Focused
3. Language - Focused

Question 19

what is an example of a community-focused strategy intervention?

Answer 19

Breast cancer screening education delivered to Native Hawaiian women through local churches with the help of church volunteers

Question 20

what is an example of a culturally-focused strategies? what do these include?

Answer 20

EX: Smudge ceremonies led by spiritual leaders prior to and following health clinic events
include some aspect of the target group’s cultural values, community’s religion / spirituality, inclusion of culturally relevant activities congruent with the unique lifestyle of the target culture

Question 21

what do language-focused strategy interventions include?

Answer 21

limit medical jargon, fully or partially delivered intervention in the population’s native language, use of translators

Question 22

what are the socioeconomic status factors included in the social vulnerability index?

Answer 22

below poverty, unemployed, income, no high school diploma

Question 23

what are the household composition & disability factors included in the social vulnerability index?

Answer 23

aged 65 or older, aged 17 or younger, civilian with a disability, single-parent households

Question 24

what are the minority status & language factors that are included in the social vulnerability index?

Answer 24

minority & speaks English “less than well”

Question 25

what are the housing type & transportation factors included in the social vulnerability index?

Answer 25

multi-unit structures, mobile homes, crowding, no vehicle, group quarters

Question 26

why are eastern society members often compared to western society members?

Answer 26

because of the contrast between a collectivist culture (east) and an individualist culture (west)

Question 27

why are behaviors embedded in culture hard to change?

Answer 27

because of the brain’s affinity for those behaviors; changing them can be distressing and take years, even when the benefit of the change is worth it

Question 28

what has given rise to”culture-bound syndromes?”

Answer 28

going against one’s culture (and/or striving for perfection within the culture)

Question 29

which two theorists developed what is still the most popular conceptual framework of vulnerability?

Answer 29

Flaskerud and Winslow

Question 30

what are a few examples of culture bound syndromes?

Answer 30

Ataque de nervios, Amak, Dhat, Ghost Sickness. Hwa - byung

Question 31

what increases resiliency and better health outcomes?

Answer 31

resources

Question 32

what three things are a part of the conceptual framework of vulnerability chart?

Answer 32

resource availability (societal & environmental), relative risk, health status

Question 33

what are some examples of societal resources?

Answer 33

human capital such as personal income, jobs, education, housing, health insurance, social status (power) and social connection (integration into society, social networks)

Question 34

what are some examples of environmental resources?

Answer 34

health care access and quality

Question 35

what are some examples of relative risk factors?

Answer 35

may be behavioral (lifestyle choices, exposure to violence and abuse) or biological (physiological predisposition like familial hyperlipidemia)

Question 36

what are some population segments who are vulnerable because of long-term situations?

Answer 36

racial & ethnic minorities

Question 37

what are the six principles of solution-based nursing?

Answer 37

1. The person, not the problem, is your focus when providing care.
2. Strengths, not just problems, can be found and further developed. Begin with an emphasis on strengths, as this can build client hope and self-confidence.
3. Resilience in equally as important as vulnerability.
4. Move beyond an individual focus to examine unjust societal and cultural forces, and actively work toward to alter these.
5. Nurses are not only concerned with illness care, but with helping clients adapt/grow.
6. A proactive, not reactive, approach is needed.

Question 38

Why are rural Americans a vulnerable population?

Answer 38

Long travel distances to hospitals and other care, higher rates of cigarette smoking, report less leisure-time physical activity, higher rates of poverty, less likely to have health insurance, less likely to wear seat belts & many do not finish high school to work for the family

Question 39

how can we as nurses help the rural vulnerable population?

Answer 39

Increase access to healthcare including home health and telehealth services, encourage completion of high school for better overall literacy, travel and “pop up” clinics for health promotion and preventive services & focus on hope and direction on how to get healthy

Question 40

which population has better infant, child, and adult health and lower disability and mortality rates?

Answer 40

immigrants

Question 41

what is the immigrant population at higher risk for?

Answer 41

• heat-related illness
• exposure to a variety of pesticides & toxic chemicals
• injuries
• urinary tract infections
• bites from animals
• higher susceptibility to infectious disease
• mental health issues

Question 42

how can we as nurses help the immigrant population?

Answer 42

making sure they know their area resources & where workers can receive primary & preventative care

Question 43

which population has a higher death rate? (2-4 times that of the general population)

Answer 43

homeless

Question 44

what is the average age of death for the homeless population?

Answer 44

51

Question 45

what is period prevalence & point-in-time counts and how are they used to locate & account for the homeless?

Answer 45

**period prevalence –> number of individuals who did not have housing at any point over the past six months
**point-in-time counts –> people homeless in any one given time

Question 46

who is specifically at risk for homelessness?

Answer 46

Veterans

Question 47

how can we as nurses help the homeless population?

Answer 47

• Understand that housing is healthcare for this population
• Provide better access to mental health services including addiction care
• Reach out to them wherever you can find them
• For prevention - focus on early childhood development

Question 48

what are inmates not able to do that is a federal law?

Answer 48

give consent or exercise autonomy

Question 49

the likelihood of inmate cruelty & neglect increase when?

Answer 49

during times of extreme weather (Poor infrastructure, aggressive guards, lack of resources)

Question 50

what is the Office of Minority Health’s 3 programmatic priorities?

Answer 50

1. COVID-19 response & recovery
2. cultural & linguistic competency
3. policies, programs & practices

Question 51

what is the first step in the path towards cultural competency?

Answer 51

focusing on the culture of the patient; Acknowledging that we all have biases and that we all hold stereotypes

Question 52

what is the difference between cultural safety & competency?

Answer 52

cultural safety focuses on the influence of the provider’s culture while cultural competency focuses on the culture of the patient