exam 2 (mod 8) Flashcards
What is bioenergetics?
- Energy in food comes from macronutrients
- Used to synthesize ATP
- High energy phosphate that can store and release energy - Energy for muscle contraction is provided directly by ATP
1 calorie (cal) —-> Joules
4.184 Joules
1 Kilocalorie (kcal) —-> calories
1,000 calories
1 kilocalorie = —–> joules
4,184 joules
1 Calorie (C) = —-> calories
1,000 calories
1 Calorie = —-> joules
4,184 joules
1 kilojoule (kJ) = —-> joules
1,000 joules
1 kilocalorie = —-> kilojoules
4.184 kilojoules
Carbohydrate Energy Content in Food
4.2 Bomb calorimeter (kcal/g) and human calorimeter (kcal/g)
Fats Energy Content in Food
9.4 Bomb calorimeter (kcal/g) and human calorimeter (kcal/g)
Proteins Energy Content in Food
5.7 Bomb calorimeter (kcal/g) and 4.2 human calorimeter (kcal/g)
Alcohol Energy Content in Food
- 0 Bomb calorimeter (kcal/g) and human calorimeter (kcal/g)
How to measure energy expended
- Direct calorimetry
- Indirect calorimetry
- Oxygen consumption (VO2)
- Carbon dioxide consumption (VCO2)
What is Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)?
- Energy that an individual’s body consumes while in complete rest to maintain essential bodily functions
- Essential component in estimating an individual’s total daily energy expenditure
- Expressed in calories per day or kilocalories per day (kcal/day)
- Prediction equations can estimate RMR when direct/indirect calorimetry is not available
Energy Balance Equation
Food in = input —–> Working out = output
Estimating Energy Intake
- Self-reported food intake
- Importance of accuracy
- Common sources of errors
- Recording all food and beverages
- Underreporting food intake
- Underestimating portion size
Types of assessment of energy and dietary intake
- Food Records or Food Diaries
- Dietary recall (24-hour recall)
− Multiple pass method - Food frequency questionnaires
- Diet history
Components of Energy Expenditure
- Total Energy Expenditure (TEE)
- Physical activity is the changing one
Total Energy Expenditure Equation
Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR) = Basal
Metabolic Rate (BMR) + Thermic Effect
of Food (TEF
What is the impact of Physical Activity
The thing that is constantly changing and is the most variable
What is Basal
The energy body needs to sustain normal physiological processes and life
What are food records, diaries, and logs
Record everything for 3-7 days including how things are cooked and specific brands
What is a Dietary Recall (24 hour recall)
Also called the multiple-pass method, collects a detailed and accurate ( rough list over 24 hours with exact times) Very detailed: Portion sizes, cooked, etc.
Food Frequency questionnaires
Answers questions about how often they consume foods over previous months
