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CHE 2C > Exam 2 Memorization Material > Flashcards

Exam 2 Memorization Material Flashcards

1
Q

What is Isoelectronic?

A

Same electron configuration but not the same number of electrons

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2
Q

What is diamagnetic?

A

All e- paired and responds poorly or has no response to a magnetic field

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3
Q

What is paramagnetic?

A

Some unpaired e- and responds to a magnetic field and response depends on the number of unpaired e-

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4
Q

What is the lewis base in the transition metal complex?

A

Ligands

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5
Q

What are the lewis acids in transition metal complexes?

A

Metal Center

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6
Q

What is a transition metal complexes?

A

Chemical species where several neutral or anion ligands bind to a transition metal ion

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7
Q

What is a monodendate ligand?

A

A molecule that has one atom that can donate a lone pair

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8
Q

What is a bidentate ligand?

A

A molecule that has two atoms 90 degrees apart that can donate a lone pair

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9
Q

What is a hexadentate ligand?

A

A molecule that has 6 atoms that are 90 degrees apart that can donate lone pairs

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10
Q

What is an example of a tridentate ligand?

A

Diethylenetriamine (dien)

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11
Q

What is an example of a hexadentate ligand?

A

EDTA

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12
Q

What is an example of a bidentate ligand?

A

Oxalato and Ethylenediamine (en)

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13
Q

What is the greek name for an anion copper complex?

A

Cuprate

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14
Q

What is the greek name for an anion gold complex?

A

Aurate

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15
Q

What is the greek name for an anion iron complex?

A

Ferrate

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16
Q

What is the greek name for an anion lead complex?

A

Plumbate

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17
Q

What is the greek name for an anion tin complex?

A

Stannate

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18
Q

What is the greek name for an anion silver complex?

A

Argentate

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19
Q

What are the prefixes for ligands that have a prefix within the molecule?

A

bis (2), tris (3), tetrakis(4)

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20
Q

What is coordination number?

A

Number of things attached to the central metal atom

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21
Q

What are stereoisomers? What are the two kinds?

A

Same atoms, same connectivity
- Geometric and Optical/Chiral

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22
Q

What are geometric isomers?

A

Stereoisomers that have different arrangements of atoms

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23
Q

What are optical/chiral isomers?

A

Stereoisomers that have the same arrangement of atoms but are not the same molecule (MIRROR)
AKA Enantiomers

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24
Q

What is cis- connectivity?

A

2 ligands (usually same type) in octahedral or square planar complexes that are 90 degrees apart

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25
Q

What is trans- connectivity?

A

2 ligands (usually same type) in octahedral or square planar complexes that are 180 degrees

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26
Q

What is fac- connectivity?

A

3 ligands (usually same type) in octahedral complexes all 90 degrees and share a face

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27
Q

What is mer- connectivity?

A

3 ligands (usually same type) in octahedral complexes 90 and 180 degrees in a T-shape connected north and south pole

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28
Q

What does it mean if two objects are chiral?

A

Non-superimposable mirror images (NO MIRROR PLANES)

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29
Q

What is a mirror image?

A

A picture of that object reflected in a mirror (made up of two structures one is called its optical isomer)

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30
Q

What is a mirror plane?

A

A two-dimensional plane inside an object where the two halves are reflected equally (one structure split in half NOT CHIRAL)

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31
Q

What are structural isomers?

A

Complexes with the same atoms but different connectivity

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32
Q

What are the types of structural isomers?

A

Linkage, Ionization, and Coordination

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33
Q

What are linkage isomers?

A

Same ligand, bonded through different atoms (can only do if a molecule has resonance)

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34
Q

What are ionization isomers?

A

A ligand and the counter ion switch places

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35
Q

What are coordination isomers?

A

Different metal in the center of the complex, same coordination environment

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36
Q

What causes colors of the metal cation liquids?

A

Partially filled d orbitals and electronic excitation due to photons

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37
Q

What does degenerate mean?

A

Of equal energy

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38
Q

What is Crystal Field Theory?

A

An ionic model of metal-ligand bonding

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39
Q

What orbitals have high energy for octahedral geometry?

A

dx2-y2 and dz2

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40
Q

What does direct overlap mean in terms of geometry and orbitals?

A

It means high energy and indirect overlap means low energy

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41
Q

What does a strong field ligand mean for difference in energy?

A

Large energy difference (opposite for weak field ligands)

42
Q

What does a large energy difference mean for electron spin?

A

Large energy diff. = low spin
Small energy diff. = high spin

43
Q

What is pairing energy (P.E.)?

A

Energy required to pair e- in an orbital

44
Q

What is splitting energy?

A

The difference in energy between d-orbitals

45
Q

What orbitals have high and low energy for tetrahedral geometry?

A

HIGH: dxy, dyz, dxz
LOW: dx2-y2, dz2

46
Q

What orbitals have high and low energy for square planar geometry?

A

HIGH: dx2-y2
LOW: dxz, dyz (degenerate)

47
Q

What orbitals have high and low energy for linear geometry?

A

HIGH: dz2
LOW: dxy, dx2-y2

48
Q

What are the properties of Scandium (Sc)?

A

Common OS: 0, +3
Similar chemistry to Mg
No d-electrons in ions: colorless and diamagnetic

49
Q

What are the properties of Titanium (Ti)?

A

Common OS: 0, +4
Some similar chemistry to C, Si
Structurally strong, very light weight metal (great for bicycles)
TiO2 very white used as brightener for paper and paint

50
Q

What are the properties of Vanadium (V)?

A

Common OS: 0, +5
Used in alloys to strengthen material
TOXIC

51
Q

What are the properties of Niodium(Nb) and Tantalum(Ta)?

A

Named after Greek mythology daughter and father
Nb - superconductors

52
Q

What are the properties of Chromium (Cr)?

A

Common OS: 0, +3, +4, +6
First family with multiple OS found in nature
Name derived from greek word for color
TOXIC

53
Q

What are the properties of Molybdenum(Mo) and Tungsten(W)?

A

Biologically important for enzymes and pigments
W = very high melting point which makes it great for light bulb filaments

54
Q

What are the properties of Manganese (Mn)?

A

Most OS of the first row transition metals
Not found in nautre at a pure metal
Used as a catalyst, alkaline batteries, steel, and as cofactors to enzymes
Permanganates are very strong oxidizing agents

55
Q

What are the properties of Technetium (Tc)?

A

Lightest radioactive element
Only man made
Discovered in 1937

56
Q

What are the properties of Iron (Fe)?

A

Possible OS: +2 to +6 Common OS: +2, +3
Major component of steel
Most common element on earth
Biologica importance for oxygen transport in vertebrates and redox enzymes in plants and animals

57
Q

What are the properties of Cobalt (Co)?

A

Beautiful blue color for glass, dyes
Very rare to find pure
“goblin” ore

58
Q

What are the properties of Rhodium (Rh)?

A

Hard, corrosion resistant, chemically inert
Very rare!
Excellent metal for plating jewelry

59
Q

What are the properties of Iridium (Ir)?

A

Rare
Comes from outer space

60
Q

What are the properties of the Nickel (Ni) family?

A

Stable, less reactive metals
All good catalysts
Ni - coins, batteries, corrosion preventer
Pt - rare, very unreactive, corrosion resistant, jewelry, anticancer drugs

61
Q

What are the properties of Copper (Cu)?

A

Excellent conductor of electricity, durable
Alloys: Sn (bronze) and Zn (brass)

62
Q

What are the properties of Silver (Ag)?

A

Highest thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, and reflectivity
More abundant that Au
Tarnishes from contant with sulfur

63
Q

What are the properties of Gold (Au)?

A

Very unreactive, even to most acids!
Most malleable metal
Used for jewelry, currency, etc.

64
Q

What are the properties of Zinc (Zn)?

A

Corrosion resistant
TOXIC

65
Q

What are the properties of Cadmium (Cd)?

A

Common OS: +2
TOXIC
used in batteries

66
Q

What are the properties of Mercury (Hg)?

A

Only metal that is liquid at room temp
Also toxic (based on dose)
Dental fillings

67
Q

What are allotropes?

A

One element that can configure itself under different conditions into different structures

68
Q

What are the properties of Alkali Metals?

A

Common OS: +1
Highly reactive
React vigorously with H2O
React with O2 to form oxides, peroxides, and superoxides
Li: Important for batteries

69
Q

What are the properties of Hydrogen?

A

Lightest element
Small, low IMFs, liquid at 20K
Applications: rocket fuel
Non-metal

70
Q

What are the properties of Alkaline Earth Metals?

A

Common OS: +2
Low densities, low melting and boiling points, low solubility, form basic oxides

71
Q

What are the properties of Beryllium (Be)?

A

Smaller, harder, higher melting point, higher ionization energy, more covalent bonding, less reactive than family members, amphoteric oxide

72
Q

What are the properties of Magnesium (Mg) and Calcium (Ca)?

A

Biologically important
Lower solubility = hard water

73
Q

What are the properties of Barium (Ba)?

A

Toxic
Absorbs X-rays
Not very soluble at low concentration
Gastomedicine

74
Q

What are the properties of Radium?

A

Radioactive

75
Q

What are metal oxides?

76
Q

What are metal peroxides?

A

Na2O2
O2 2-

77
Q

What are metal superoxides?

A

K, Rb, and CsO2
O2-

78
Q

What are the properties of Group 14 aka Tetragens?

A

Common OS: +2, +4
Can form 4 covalent bonds to non-metals
C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb

79
Q

What are the properties of Carbon (C)?

A

Can form pi bonds
Basis for life
Allotropes: diamond, graphite, fullerenes

80
Q

What are the properties of Silicon (Si)?

A

Si-O bonds stronger than Si-Si bonds
Basis for geological world

81
Q

What are the properties of Germanium (Ge)?

A

Rare
semiconductors
Less-common

82
Q

What are the properties of Tin (Sn)?

A

Soft metal, silvery color
Allotropes: white tin, grey tin, brittle tin

83
Q

What are the properties of Lead (Pb)?

A

Soft, toxic, low melting point

84
Q

What are the properties of Group 15?

A

Mostly non-metals
Common OS: multiple!
Includes: N, P, As, Bi

85
Q

What are the properties of Nitrogen (N)?

A

Stable or highly reactive
(N2 vs. TNT)
Can form pi bonds: important for DNA, nitrogen fixation, atmosphere

86
Q

What are the properties of Phosphorus (P)?

A

Larger, d-orbitals available for electrons, bonding
Present in ATP, ADP, also in fertilizer

87
Q

What are the properties of Arsenic (As)?

A

Semi-metal (Staircase)
TOXIC

88
Q

What are the properties of Bismuth (Bi)?

A

Common OS: +5
Heavy, not very toxic
Good substitute for lead

89
Q

What is the inert pair effect?

A

When elements with several valence electrons do not lose all of them but instead keep 2 VEs in the valence s orbital
EX: Bi3+, Sb3+

90
Q

What causes the inert pair effect?

A

Increasing ionization energies
Related to size and effective nuclear charge (Zeff)
Occurs for heavier elements in the p-block

91
Q

What are the properties of Group 16?

A

Common OS: 0 (O2), -1 (peroxides), -2 (most common for the family)
Includes: O, S, Po

92
Q

What are the properties of Oxygen (O)?

A

Found in two molecular forms O2 and O3 (ozone)
O3 = toxic, used for water treatment, atmosphere

93
Q

What are the properties of Sulfur (S)?

A

Unpleasant smell
Uses for chemical weapons
30 allotropes

94
Q

What are the properties of Polonium (Po)?

A

Radioactive, lethal, also present in tobacco

95
Q

What are the properties of Group 17 (Halogens)?

A

Common OS: -1
Atomic form not found in nature
High electronegativity, form polar covalent bonds
With oxygen, form oxyacids
Includes: F(g), Cl(g), Br(l), I(s), At

96
Q

What are the properties of Fluorine (F)?

A

Small, highest electronegativity
Important for dental care, gives CFCs and PFAS stability

97
Q

What are the properties of Astatine (At)?

A

Radioactive, longest lived isotope lasted 8 h

98
Q

What are the properties of Group 18 (Noble Gases)?

A

Common OS: 0
Typically low reactivity, colorless, odorless, neutral
Low melting/boiling point
Includes: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn

99
Q

What are the properties of Helium (He)?

A

Forms no compounds (full octet)
LIGHT escapes atmosphere

100
Q

What are the properties of Neon (Ne)?

A

Forms no compounds (full octet)
Luminescent with current

101
Q

What are the properties of Argon (Ar)?

A

Major component of air
Forms some compounds (expanded octet)

102
Q

What are the properties of Krypton (Kr) and Xenon (Xe) and Radon (Rn)?

A

Many stable compounds (expanded octets)
Rn : Radioactive

CHE 2C (1 decks)

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