Exam 2 Material

Question 1

SSA- Significant Scientific Agreement

Answer 1

experts would likely agree that the scientific evidence supports the substance-disease relationship

Question 2

totality of evidence

Answer 2

a structured review of literature or ALL relevant evidence, based on HUMAN studies

Question 3

systemic Approach

Answer 3

a methodical, consistent approach is applied to substantiate a health claim

Question 4

transparency

Answer 4

search strategies, literature selection and evaluation are fully disclosed, to increase the credibility of the document and permit reproducibility

Question 5

comprehensiveness

Answer 5

all original research in humans is captured including evidence in favour and not in favour of the health claim

Question 6

human evidence

Answer 6

the focus is on original research in humans that measure the food and health effect of interest

Question 7

convincing level of certainty

Answer 7

the majority of high-quality human studies support a statistically significant favourable effect

Question 8

Demonstrations of Causality

Answer 8

Considers the quality and quantity of human research that support a beneficial effect of the food and the relationship between the amount of the food and the health effect

Question 9

Biological Relevance of the Claimed Effect

Answer 9

To ensure biological relevance, surrogate markers of the claimed effect must have both methodological validity and biological evidence

Question 10

Feasibility of consumption of effective dose

Answer 10

The amount of food to be consumed to achieve a beneficial effect can be incorporated into a healthy, balanced diet by the target population

Question 11

Cell Culture- Main Advantages

Answer 11

• Consistency (in populations)
• Reproducibility
• Cost: low (compared to other methods)

Question 12

Cell Culture- Main Disadvantages

Answer 12

• Lack of complexity

- Cells can acquire multiple mutations after successive passages

Question 13

Cell Culture Models- PROS

Answer 13

• Investigate possible functional mechanisms
• Inexpensive, easy to perform
• Within the same cell line, should be easy to replicate
• May help identify future biomarkers
• Good control over experimental conditions

Question 14

Cell Culture Models - CONS

Answer 14

• May not be relevant to a living organism, especially human
• Some cell lines difficult to maintain (repeatability between primary culture- especially human)
• May not take into account interactions between cell types and tissues: non-physiological

Question 15

Animal Models - PROS

Answer 15

• Shows effect on whole organism
• Can make more invasive measurements and measure toxicity
• Highlight mechanisms
• Lifespan studies
• Very tightly controlled conditions

Question 16

Animal Models - CONS

Answer 16

• Effect in animals does not necessarily reflect same effect in humans
• Dose in animals not necessarily comparable to humans
• Dietary or other intervention may not be realistic

Question 17

Human Observational Studies -PROS

Answer 17

• Shows effects in humans
• Can use large population
• Can study multiple outcomes
• Can establish a temporal relationship
• Cheaper than clinical trial

Question 18

Human Observational Studies- CONS

Answer 18

• Identify associations only (does not prove causation)
• Difficult to remove confounders
• Advanced statistical methods required

Question 19

Human Intervention Studies- PROS

Answer 19

• Only study that is able to show cause and effect

- Conclusively measure safety and efficacy, which is ultimately the primary goal of FFN research

Question 20

Human Intervention Studies- CONS

Answer 20

• Expensive
• Ethical considerations
• Compliance
• Often invasive

Question 21

Cancer

Answer 21

Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells
-	Caused by genetic mutations 
       Gain of function 
       Loss of function 
       Change in metabolism

Question 22

tumour

Answer 22

formed by abnormal cells

Question 23

Benign

Answer 23

atypical cells without metastatic properties

Question 24

Pre-malignant

Answer 24

altered cells capable of becoming malignant

Question 25

malignant

Answer 25

an abnormal cell that has gained the capacity to migrate

Question 26

Hallmarks of Cancer

Answer 26

1. Sustaining proliferative signalling
2. Evading growth suppressors
3. Resisting cell death
4. Enabling replicative immortality
5. Inducing angiogenesis
6. Activating invasion and metastasis
7. Re-programming energy metabolism
8. Evading immune destruction
9. Genome instability that provides mutations
10. Inflammation

Question 27

Coffee protects against:

Answer 27

endometrial 
liver and biliary tract
gallbladder
oral and pharyngeal
prostate
skin 
breast 
colorectal