Exam 2 Material Flashcards
SSA- Significant Scientific Agreement
experts would likely agree that the scientific evidence supports the substance-disease relationship
totality of evidence
a structured review of literature or ALL relevant evidence, based on HUMAN studies
systemic Approach
a methodical, consistent approach is applied to substantiate a health claim
transparency
search strategies, literature selection and evaluation are fully disclosed, to increase the credibility of the document and permit reproducibility
comprehensiveness
all original research in humans is captured including evidence in favour and not in favour of the health claim
human evidence
the focus is on original research in humans that measure the food and health effect of interest
convincing level of certainty
the majority of high-quality human studies support a statistically significant favourable effect
Demonstrations of Causality
Considers the quality and quantity of human research that support a beneficial effect of the food and the relationship between the amount of the food and the health effect
Biological Relevance of the Claimed Effect
To ensure biological relevance, surrogate markers of the claimed effect must have both methodological validity and biological evidence
Feasibility of consumption of effective dose
The amount of food to be consumed to achieve a beneficial effect can be incorporated into a healthy, balanced diet by the target population
Cell Culture- Main Advantages
- Consistency (in populations)
- Reproducibility
- Cost: low (compared to other methods)
Cell Culture- Main Disadvantages
- Lack of complexity
- Cells can acquire multiple mutations after successive passages
Cell Culture Models- PROS
- Investigate possible functional mechanisms
- Inexpensive, easy to perform
- Within the same cell line, should be easy to replicate
- May help identify future biomarkers
- Good control over experimental conditions
Cell Culture Models - CONS
- May not be relevant to a living organism, especially human
- Some cell lines difficult to maintain (repeatability between primary culture- especially human)
- May not take into account interactions between cell types and tissues: non-physiological
Animal Models - PROS
- Shows effect on whole organism
- Can make more invasive measurements and measure toxicity
- Highlight mechanisms
- Lifespan studies
- Very tightly controlled conditions
Animal Models - CONS
- Effect in animals does not necessarily reflect same effect in humans
- Dose in animals not necessarily comparable to humans
- Dietary or other intervention may not be realistic
Human Observational Studies -PROS
- Shows effects in humans
- Can use large population
- Can study multiple outcomes
- Can establish a temporal relationship
- Cheaper than clinical trial
Human Observational Studies- CONS
- Identify associations only (does not prove causation)
- Difficult to remove confounders
- Advanced statistical methods required
Human Intervention Studies- PROS
- Only study that is able to show cause and effect
- Conclusively measure safety and efficacy, which is ultimately the primary goal of FFN research
Human Intervention Studies- CONS
- Expensive
- Ethical considerations
- Compliance
- Often invasive
Cancer
Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells
- Caused by genetic mutations
Gain of function
Loss of function
Change in metabolismtumour
formed by abnormal cells
Benign
atypical cells without metastatic properties
Pre-malignant
altered cells capable of becoming malignant
malignant
an abnormal cell that has gained the capacity to migrate
Hallmarks of Cancer
- Sustaining proliferative signalling
- Evading growth suppressors
- Resisting cell death
- Enabling replicative immortality
- Inducing angiogenesis
- Activating invasion and metastasis
- Re-programming energy metabolism
- Evading immune destruction
- Genome instability that provides mutations
- Inflammation
Coffee protects against:
endometrial liver and biliary tract gallbladder oral and pharyngeal prostate skin breast colorectal
