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Nutrition and Metabolism > Exam 2 Material > Flashcards

Exam 2 Material Flashcards

0
Q

James Lind

A

Orange and lemons as cure for scurvy

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1
Q

Hippocrates

A

“Father of medicine”, first decribes symptoms of scurvy

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2
Q

Hoist and Frolich

A

Scurvy accidentally produced in guinea pigs, instead of beriberi

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3
Q

Albert Szent-Gyorgyl

A

Hexuronic acid (vitamin C) is reducing agent

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4
Q

SVCT-1

A

sodium dependent vitamin c transporter, transports ascorbate/ascorbic acid across apical membrane of intestinal cells, also tissue uptake

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5
Q

SVCT-2

A

Sodium dependent vitamin c transporter, transports vitamin c (ascorbic acid/DHAA) across basolateral membrane of intestinal cells, also tissue uptake

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6
Q

GLUT

A

Glucose transporter, transports DHAA across apical membrane of intestinal cells

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7
Q

Collagen enzymes

A

Prolyl 3-hydroxylase, prolyl 4-hydroxylase, lysyl hydroxylase, 1/3 total protein in body, structural protein in skin, bones, tendons, and cartilage

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8
Q

Carnitine

A

Derivative of lysine, metabolite in metabolism transport of LCFA from cytosol to mitochondrial matrix for beta oxidation

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9
Q

Reducing agent

A

Donates electrons, ascorbate functions in carnitine, tyrosine, collagen, neurotransmitters

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11
Q

Vitamin c assessment

A

Leukocytes for long term. Plasma for short term. (<0.2 deficient)

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12
Q

Linus Pauling

A

Chemical bond books, peace prize for advocacy against nuclear weapons, vitamin C

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13
Q

Gulonolactone oxidase

A

Guinea pigs and humans lack, to make vitamin C

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14
Q

Retinal oxidase

A

irreversibly converts retinal to retinoic acid with niacin as coenzyme

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15
Q

Vitamin C Neurotransmitters

A

Norepinephrine to epinephrine

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16
Q

Vitamin C toxicity

A

osmotic diarrhea, abdominal pain, at more than 2 g

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17
Q

Wackenroder

A

isolates carotene from carrots

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18
Q

Snell

A

cures night blindness with cod liver oil

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19
Q

Paul Karrer

A

Nobel Prize, synthesized B2 and recognized it as “yellow enzyme”, isolates retinol from cod liver oil, helped with Vitamin K, synthesized vitamin E

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20
Q

McCollum

A

fat-soluble A factor required for growth, in cod liver oil, heat-stable factor in cod liver oil is vitamin D

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21
Q

CRBP-2

A

cellular retinol binding protein, binds retinol and retinal to make soluble within intestinal cell, escorts retinol (retinal converted to retinol) to LRAT

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22
Q

LRAT

A

Lecithin retinol acyl transferase, adds FA like palmitate to retinol to form retinyl esters

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23
Q

Chylomicron

A

consists of lipids, esters, TAGs, carotenoids, and retinyl esters (from retinol), exits the intestinal cell and enters the lymph, eventually travels to blood and liver

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24
Q

Retinyl Ester Hydrolase

A

in the liver, retinyl esters are released from FA

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25
Retinyl Ester
retinol with palmitate, transport form, storage form, taken up by liver
26
CRBP-1
cellular binding protein 1, in liver cell to bind retinol
27
RBP
retinol binding protein, binds retinol to form holo-RBP in liver, then to transthyretin and thyroxin
28
Prothrombin Time test
Vitamin K status, measures time required for a fibrin clot to form after adding calcium to citrated plasma, deficient is >25 seconds
29
Vitamin K antagonists
prevent blood clots, warfarin (coumadin) and dicumarol
30
Osteocalcin
bone Gla protein, dependent on vitamin K, 3 Gla proteins to bind calcium, regulate bone mineralization, abundant, secreted by osteoblasts
31
Matrix Gla protein
(MGP) vitamin K dependent protein, mobilization of bone calcium, under-carboxylation during deficiency causes atherosclerotic lesions
32
Rhodopsin
11-cis-retinal (converted from all-trans-retinal) and opsin, night vision
33
CRABP
cellular retinoic acid binding protein, chaperones retinoic acid to nucleus, binds to retinoic acid receptor, dimerize, bind to retinoic acid response elements (RARE)
34
RAR
specific receptor for all-trans-retinoic acid in the nucleus, binds to RARE in promoter region with bound retinol, vitamin a as hormone
35
RXR
specific receptor for 3-cis-retinoic acid in the nuclus, binds to RARE in promoter region with bound retinol, and vitamin D, vitamin a as hormone
36
Retinoids as TF
only when bound to RAR/RXR for activation or repression of mRNA formation of nuclei
37
Retinoic acid
stimulates growth, maintains normal differentiation of cells
38
Retinol Activity Equivalents
RAE, 1 mcg retinol, 12 mcg beta carotene, 24 alpha carotene or other provitamin A caratenoids
39
Isotretinoin
Accutane, normalizes epidermis cell differentiation, reduces synthesis of sebum
40
Calcium absorption
unknown, not TRPV6 or calbindin, can go between cells (paracellular), Enhanced by estrogen, vitamin D, dietary Calcium. Inhibited by phytate, fiber, oxalate, excessive divalent cations, unabsorbed fatty acids.
41
Phytate
binds calcium so it cannot be absorbed, less available form of phosphorus, inhibits itself from absorption as well as excessive Mg/Ca/Al intake. Found in cereal grains, wheat, rice, corn, beans, legumes, nuts
42
Oxalate
binds calcium so it cannot be absorbed, in green leafy veggies, fruits, nuts, tea
43
Sodium
addition 1 g Na results in urinary loss of 26 mg Ca
44
PTH
released from parathyroid when low blood Ca, stimulates bone resorption and the kidneys to reabsorb Ca
45
Calcitriol
converted from vitamin D3 because of PTH signal in kidney, stimulate Ca absorption in intestine and bone resorption, 1,25-OH D3
46
Calcitonin
thyroid gland produces and releases it to inhibit osteoclasts (resorption) and prevent Ca mobilization from bone (resorption), reduces blood Ca
47
Osteoporosis Risk Factors
Affects trabecular bone. Female, caucasian, small, family history, disease, caffeine, smoking.
48
Estrogen
spare bone by increase osteoclast apoptosis, decreased bone resorption, decreased osteoblast apoptosis. Hormone replacement therapy (+ Ca supplement) helpful after menopause.
49
TRPM6
protein transported involved in Mg absorption
50
Hydroxyapatite crystals
in bone, calcium to phosphate 2:1
51
Whistler
first scientific description of rickets
52
Trousseau
cod liver oil as treatment for rickets
53
Edward Mellanby
induces rickets in puppies via low-fat diet, could be treated with cod liver oil and butter, concludes the rickets is vitamin A deficiency (actually D)
54
Huldschinsky
cures rickets with UV light lamp
55
Adolf Windaus
vitamin D synthesized from cholesterol, nobel prize
56
25-hydroxylase
hepatic (first) hydroxylation in mitochondria of D3, makes 25-OH D3 (good indicator for vitamin D status), p450 enzyme
57
1-hydroxylase
renal (second) hydroxylation in kidney to make calcitriol (active form of D3), increased activity via low 1,25-OH D3, low plasma Ca, low P intake, and PTH.
58
Factors affecting skin synthesis of vitamin D
latitude, season, time of day, weather, sunscreen, skin pigment (dark difficult), age (old makes less)
59
Calcitroic acid
soluble in water, secreted in urine, uses 24-hydroxylase to make transform D3 to 1,24,25-OH D3
60
DBP (D binding protein)
tightly bound to 25-OH D3 for transport to kidney from liver, loosely bound to 1,25-OH D3 for release to tissues
61
Calbindin
binds Calcium after its absorbed (no role in absorption) and translocates it to the basolateral membrane, increased transcription via 1,25-OH D3, expression decreases in vitamin D deficiency
62
Vitamin D for gene expression
1,25-OH D3 binds VDR nuclear receptor and forms hetero-dimer with RXR, complex binds VDRE response element, stimulates transcription of genes
63
TRPV5
pumps calcium back into blood at glomerulus in kidney
64
Herbert Evans and Catherine Bishop
wheat germ oil is required for reproduction in female rats because of vitamin E (tocopherol)
65
1 mg tocopherol
1.49 IU
66
AVED
ataxia with vitamin E deficiency, caused by mutations in alpha-tocopherol transfer protein (TPP)
67
Alpha-tocopherol Transfer Protein
alpha-TPP, transports alpha tocopherol in hepatocyte to VLDL
68
15, 15' dioxygenase
cleaves carotenoids into two retinals in mucosal cell or liver

Nutrition and Metabolism (3 decks)

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