Exam 2 Material Flashcards
1
Q
environmental justice
A
fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of their race, color, national origin, or income concerning the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies
2
Q
fair treatment
A
no group of people should bear a disproportionate share of the negative environmental consequences resulting from industrial, governmental, and commercial operations or policies
3
Q
environmental injustice
A
idea that sources of environmental pollution are unequally distributed among different social groups and categories of people
4
Q
environmental racism
A
a form of systemic racism where communities of color are disproportionately burdened with health hazards through policies and practices that force them to live in proximity to sources of toxic waste such as sewage works, mines, landfills, power stations, major roads, and emitters of airborne particulate matter
racial discrimination in environmental policy-making, enforcement of regulations and laws, the deliberate targeting of communities of color for toxic waste facilities, the official sanctioning and the history of excluding people of color from leadership of the ecology movements
5
Q
precursor of environmental justice
A
1960s - Civil Rights Movement
individuals who wanted to address the inequity of environmental protections in their communities
6
Q
Memphis Sanitation Strike`
A
Feb 11, 1968
strike against unfair treatment in environmental justice concerns in Memphis, Tennessee
investigated by MLK, Jr.
first broad-based national African American mobilization against environmental injustices
7
Q
Bean v Southwestern Waste Management Corp
A
group of African American homeowners filed a lawsuit to block the Whispering Pines Sanitary Landfill from being located 1500 feet of a local public school (and within 2 miles of 6 public schools) charging environmental discrimination
it was unsuccessful but has significance for other cases around the country
8
Q
Warren County, NC sit-in
A
Sept. 1982
sit-in to protest the construction of a polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) landfill in Warren County, North Carolina
500+ activists arrested
seen as a catalyst for the EJ movement
9
Q
April 1983, Dr. Bullard’s EJ findings
A
found that African American neighborhoods in Houston were often chosen for toxic waste sites
5 city-owned garbage dumps
80% of city-owned garbage incinerators
75% of privately owned landfills were sited in black neighborhoods
10
Q
General Accounting Office (GAO) Conducts Study
A
June 1983
empirical evidence for claims of a correlation between hazardous waste landfill location and race and economic status in 8 South-Eastern states
11
Q
United Church of Christ Commission on Racial Justice (UCC) released toxic waste in the United States
A
found that 15 million African Americans, 8 million Hispanics, and 50% of all Asian/Pacific Islanders and Native Americans live in communities with abandoned or uncontrolled toxic waste sites
first to address race, class, and environment at the national level
12
Q
1990 Dumping in Dixie
A
first book that documented environmental injustices in the US
13
Q
First National People of Color Environmental Leadership Summit (Washington D.C.)
A
October 1991
17 Principles of Environmental Justice adopted
serves as a template for national and international movements
14
Q
NIMBYism
A
“not in my backyard”
15
Q
Justice 40 Initiative
A
exec order 14008 (Jan 2021)
exec order 14096 (April 2023)
the US government has created the goal that 40% of the overall benefits of Federal climate, clean energy, affordable and sustainable housing, and other investments go to disadvantaged communities
16
Q
EPA Administrator Creates the National Environmental Justice Advisory Council
A
Sept 1993
a federal advisory council focusing on EJ issues that holds public meetings around the country
17
Q
Executive Order 12898 (President Clinton)
A
federal actions to address environmental justice in minority populations and low-income populations
directed federal agencies to take into consideration how programs policies and other activities impact human health and environmental impacts on minority and low-income populations
18
Q
Brulle and Pellow (2006) arguments
A
they stated that trying to definitively prove one of the other misses the larger point that environmental injustices deserve more research focus and efforts at change
this controversy led to a refining methodological and conceptual approaches for analyzing environmental injustice
19
Q
debates within EJ
A
lack of statistical measures, varying individual exposure levels, lengthy incubation periods, confounding influences on health (health care and individual behaviors)
20
Q
local struggles of EJ
A
the community level is where the struggles for EJ have had the most impact
waste incinerators and landfills in LA & Chicago, power plants in South Gate and San Jose California, as well as oil refineries in San Diego were all forced out of business by the local communities
21
Q
institutional building and cultural impacts of EJ
A
the EJ movement has built up local organizations and regional networks and partnerships with existing organizations such as churches, schools, neighborhood groups, and cooperatives
22
Q
National Environmental Policy
A
EJ movement has been successful at impacting environmental policy at national and state levels of government
but often these policies are either too specific or very general and aren’t good at bringing about substantial and long-term environmental equality
23
Q
Globalization and EJ
A
impact of globalization and transnational capitalism have undermined local attempts to regulate environmental and public health concerns
24
Q
neoliberalism and EJ
A
as a theory of political economic practice that posits that humanity’s well-being can be advanced by liberating individual entrepreneurial freedoms and skills
the institutional framework that best facilitates these political and economic practices is characterized by strong private property rights, a self-regulating market, and free trade
the appropriate, and only, role of the government, according to this theory, is to guarantee the proper functioning of such markets
25
institutional racism
discrimination or unequal treatment based on the membership in a particular ethnic group (typically one that is minority or marginalized), arising from systems, structures, or expectations that have become established within an institution or organization
26
Peggy McIntosh (1988)
defined white privilege as an unearned race advantage
27
where do we find our drinking water
3% of the water on earth is freshwater
28% ground water
0.8% in the lakes
0.1% in the atmosphere
0.001% in rivers
rest in icesheets
28
groundwater
water held underground in the soil or in pores and crevices in rock
38% of drinking water in the US comes from ground water
50% of drinking water in the world comes from ground water
70% of ground water withdrawn around the world and US is used for agriculture
29
water scarcity
28 countries (Middle East and North Africa) are water scarce
less than 100 cubic meters of water per person per year
1 cubic meter = 264.172 US gallons
30
how much water do we use?
the average American family uses more than 300 gallons of water per day at home
roughly 70% of this use occurs indoors
31
water security
44 countries in the world depend on other countries for more than 50% of their water
32
water footprint
measures the amount of water used to produce each of the goods and services we use
is also a measure of humanity's appropriation of fresh water in volumes of water consumed and/or polluted
33
The Water Footprint Network
quantifies the water footprint per capita in the US as 7,800 liters per day
7,800 liters = 2060.542 gallons
34
global water use
86% agriculture
10% industry
4% domestic use
water demand is increasing at a rate of 2% per year
35
pulses
dried seeds of the legume plants
36
global water use for types of food
1 cubic meter = 1 kg of pulses, roots, tubers
6 cubic meters = 1 kg of poultry
15 cubic meters = 1 kg of beef
37
issues impacting our water supply
increase in population
changing diets - increased meat consumption
climate change
pollution
38
water pollution
any change in water quality that can harm living organisms or make the water unfit for human uses such as drinking, irrigation, or recreation
39
point source pollution
a single identifiable source of air, water, noise, or light pollution
e.g., pollution from industrial and sewage treatment plants, dredge spoil
40
nonpoint source pollution
comes from many diffuse sources
e.g., nitrogen from agricultural and residential fertilizers, oil in parking lots
41
point source or nonpoint source pollution, which have been more successful to reduce?
point source pollution
42
sources of pollution
agricultural - sediment erosion, fertilizers, pesticides, bacteria from livestock and food-processing waters
industrial facilities
mining
untreated wastewater
43
costs of industrial agriculture
nitrogen and phosphorous contamination, persistent organic pollutants (DDT, DDD, hexachlorobenzene), soil erosion, loss of biodiversity (tropics), climate change (massive energy required, methane released), human health (obesity, heart disease, cancer, new pathogens), farm consolidation and decline of small rural towns
44
why is our food production system so flawed?
centralization (farm consolidation) increases profit
government policies - agricultural subsidies ($26.4 B), corn and soybeans ($7 B), "healthy" veggies ($0 but more jobs), energy policy (fossil fuels, biofuels), transportation infrastructure (highways, locks, and dams on major rivers, ports)
45
eutrophication
non-point source water pollution
fertilizers running into lakes and rivers cause algal blooms
46
sacrifice zones
places where multiple negative impacts converge, and people cannot adapt
may be created by: external costs of economic transactions, public policies, environmental injustice (including racism or discrimination)
47
Gulf Coast "Sacrifice Zone"
dead zone
canalization and land loss
climate change - sea level rise, stronger hurricanes (Katrina, 2005)
BP oil spill (2010)
48
Isle De Jean Charles, Louisiana
another "dead zone"
sea levels rising, flooding
49
According to the book Silent Spring, insecticide pollution in humans:
a) Is justifiable if it eliminates insect pests
b) Is nothing to worry about
c) Can be easily seen
d) Can be invisible
d) Can be invisible
50
In Silent Spring, Rachel Carson claimed that:
a) Fisherman have put toxic chemicals in the water to control undesirable species
b) Insecticides like DDD and DDT accumulate in fish and birds
c) Toxic chemicals can migrate underground and contaminate drinking water wells
d) After DDD was put into Clear Lake, it eventually disappeared from the water
e) All of the above
e) All of the above
51
how does the Clean Water Act addresses non-point source pollutants
it didn't really do anything, they left it up to the States to decide how they wanted to address it
52
The agency responsible for implementing the Clean Water Act is the:
a) Department of the Interior
b) Environmental Protection Agency
c) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
d) Fish and Wildlife Service
b) Environmental Protection Agency
53
Nitrogen from agriculture leading to excessive growth of phytoplankton in the Gulf of Mexico is a problem because:
a) phytoplankton clogs the drills on oil rigs
b) the EPA cannot regulate agricultural runoff as a point source pollutant
c) no fish can eat phytoplankton
d) fish that eat the phytoplankton remove the oxygen from the water
b) the EPA cannot regulate agricultural runoff as a point source pollutant
54
A company building a factory that will discharge mercury into a river is required to:
a) remove all mercury before discharging water
b) apply for a point source permit to discharge the allowable amount of mercury
c) apply for a non-point source permit to discharge mercury
d) pay the EPA the estimated external cost of discharging all of the mercury
b) apply for a point source permit to discharge the allowable amount of mercury
55
Nitrogen from fertilizer that runs off a farmer’s field into the Mississippi River when it rains is considered:
a) beneficial to the fish in the river
b) beneficial to fish in the Gulf of Mexico
c) a point source pollutant
d) a nonpoint source pollutant
d) a nonpoint source pollutant
56
what environmental problem does Carson talk about
water pollution due to pesticides and things like DDD/DDT which was used to kill gnats but ended up killing lots of birds and fish as a byproduct (unintended consequence)
57
when did the pollution of large volumes of synthetic chemicals begin?
In the 1940s, after WWII
58
how does this pollution happen (Carson Silent Spring)?
Chemicals designed to control insects, rodents, and weeds that then end up in water, soil, groundwater, etc.
59
how did chemists explain the finding of 2,4-D in Colorado? What does this imply?
Weed killers in holding ponds mixed with water, sunlight, and air (no human intervention) formed by themselves and became very fatal and chemically damaging to plant life
60
What does the finding in 1960 that dead birds at Tule Lake and Lower Klamath, CA (both national wildlife refuges) demonstrate for us?
Even a little pesticide remains in the food chain long after usage is stopped and can cause the death of birds that eat the fish that contain the pesticide in them. Protected lands don’t mean that they are safe.
water must be thought of in terms of the chains of life that it supports
61
What two lessons can we take from the story of Clear Lake, CA?
Even if poisons are introduced in small amounts in water and even if that water can test negative for pollutants, the animals and plant life that depend on this can have increasing concentrations of these chemicals in them, as we move up the food chain
62
Clean Water Act
restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the Nation's waters
sets standards for water quality and pollutants from industry and municipal sewage
requires permits to discharge point source pollution
permit violations are subject to EPA fines of up to $25,000 per day
Section 404 requires permits for disposal of dredge or fill material in the nation's waters, including wetlands
provides funding to states and communities for sewage systems and enforcement
later amended to encourage states to address non-point source pollutants
63
Clean Water Act Success & Shortcomings
successes - reduced pollutants discharge from factories and municipal water systems, raw sewage removed from most (not all) rivers, many wetlands preserved
shortcomings - largely fails on non-point source pollution, cannot mitigate wetland loss from climate change
64
biodiversity
encompasses the diversity of all living things, from human beings to micro-organisms, the diversity of all the habitats in which they live and the genetic diversity of individuals within a species
refers to the variety of life on Earth at all its levels, from genes to ecosystems, and can encompass the evolutionary, ecological, and cultural processes that sustain life
65
why do we need biodiversity?
supports food security (rice, wheat, maize, etc.)
medicines - plant species and non-plant species (ziconotide - venom of cone snails)
industrial materials (building materials, fibers, dyes, resins, oil, etc.)
ecological services / maintaining functioning ecosystems
leisure, cultural and aesthetic value
66
utilitarian argument for protecting biodiversity
because it has utility for humans
67
what is the ethical argument for protecting biodiversity
other species have the right to exist regardless of whether nature has any utility for humans or not
68
extinction
the end of a species
part of the process of evolution
the pruning of species allowing space for others to develop
69
speciation
the creation of new species
70
extinction background rate
natural rate of extinction
estimates typically agree that it's 100 to 10,000 times background rates
71
mass extinction
a short period of geological time in which a high percentage of biodiversity, or distinct species -- bacteria, fungi, plants, mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, invertebrates -- die out
today, scientists say we are witnessing the sixth mass extinction in our planet's history
72
mass extinctions
1. End Ordovician (444 mya) - 86% of species lost
2. Late Devonian (360 mya) - 75% of species lost
3. End Permian (250 mya) - 96% of species lost
4. End Triassic (200 mya) - 80% of species lost
5. End Cretaceous (66 mya) - 75% of species lost
73
threats to biodiversity
habitat loss and fragmentation, invasive alien species, pollution, climate change, over exploitation
74
are current extinction rates normal?
Absolutely not! Extinction rates are occurring faster than they have been in the past
75
The Endangered Species Act has been used to:
a. stop a wind energy project
b. save the California Condor
c. help bald eagle populations recover
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
76
Taking species out of their natural habitat to save them from extinction is:
a. anthropocentric
b. allowable under the ESA if developing the natural habitat will create jobs
c. illegal under the Endangered Species Act
d. ex-situ conservation
d. ex-situ conservation
77
Arguments against the Endangered Species Act (ESA) include:
a. species extinction is a natural process and the ESA violates the laws of nature
b. it interferes with other pro-environmental projects like wind energy
c. it has failed to protect species
d. it has led to a proliferation of lawsuits
e. all of the above
c. it has failed to protect species
78
what are some threats to biodiversity
water pollution, habitat destruction, ocean acidification, glacier melting, global warming, etc
79
utilitarian argument for protecting biodiversity
we need to save the environment because it has use to humans
79
ethical argument for protecting biodiversity
everything deserves the right to live
80
ESA (Endangered Species Act)
targets species that are endangered or diminishing in numbers and tries to protect their homes to allow the species to recover in numbers
passed in Dec 28, 1973
overseen by Fish and Wildlife Services and the National Marine Fisheries Services
81
how does the ESA define endangered or threatened species?
assessment of their risk of extinction and how much of their natural habitat is left
82
who is responsible for listing endangered species?
Secretary of Interior
83
What is uplisting and downlisting?
up-listing: when a species goes from threatened to endangered
down-listing: when a species goes from endangered to threatened, to stable
84
what is a critical habitat?
an area where a species lives or would be most suited to live
distinct from a park or reserve
important because the ESA can more listed species to these protected areas to help their population
85
controversies of the ESA
economic value of species and habitats
supported mostly by urban and suburban populations
job loss
86
has the ESA been effective?
yes and no
they have only stabilized few species and many have gone extinct
however, those few that were stabilized is a sign of small success
87
why does deforestation matter?
impacts ecosystems, climate (trees absorb carbon dioxide), infectious diseases, biodiversity, indigenous people (EJ), soil erosion
88
biome
area of the planet which can be classified according to the plant and animal life in it
89
3 types of biomes
temperate, tropical, boreal
90
temperate biome
NA and Eurasia
temperatures vary with seasons
abundant precipitation
supports diverse flora and fauna
91
tropical biome
near equator in SE Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, Central America
temperatures vary between 68-88 degrees F
abundant biodiversity
92
boreal biome
Siberia, Scandinavia, NA (Alaska & Canada)
temperatures below freezing
play significant role in pulling CO2 from air
conifers, spruce, fir, pine
93
natural forests
forests that regenerate naturally
90% of global forest area 3.7 billion hectares
primary forests - 26%
modified primary forests - 74%
94
plantation forests
forests with human intervention to establish and/or manage
10% of global forest area
95
production forests
can be natural forests, seminatural forests, and tree plantations where they are mainly used to produce forest products
31% of total global forests
96
forest area v time
1990 - 4.128 billion hectares of forest
2015 - 3.999 billion hectares of forest
97
forest loss (aka deforestation)
the complete removal of trees for the conversion of forest to another land use such as agriculture, mining, towns or cities
results in permanent conversion of forest into alternative land use
98
tree loss (aka forest degradation)
measures the thinning of the canopy--a reduction in the density of trees in the area--but with a change in land use
99
drivers of forest loss
commodity-driven deforestation, urbanization, shifting agriculture, forestry production, wildfires
100
deforestation areas
Latin America & Asia - Tropics
Indonesia - Palm Oil
Brazil - Cattle
101
unequal exchange
Emmanuel (1972)
commodities are exchanged b/t core and periphery that are unequal in value
exchange value of primary commodities is lower than finished goods
higher-valued goods = better terms of trade
increased profits for Core but no avenue for peripheral economic development
102
3 inter-related processes of unequal exchange
environmental cost-shifting / externalization
utilization of environmental space
underdevelopment is a consequence of the loss of value associated with the export of undervalued natural resources
103
consumption / environmental degradation paradox
nations with higher levels of natural resource consumption generally experience lower domestic levels of natural resource degradation
103
About what percent of the earth’s land area contains forests?
a. 11%
b. 31%
c. 51%
d. 71%
b. 31%
104
TRUE / FALSE Forest loss has increased with the “Great Acceleration”
TRUE
105
What is the Great Acceleration?
When prices increased people destroyed forests to sell the wood and turn the land into farms.
Overall acceleration in consumption
mid-20th century, post WWII
106
The main drivers of deforestation around the world are:
a. commercial logging
b. natural forest fires
c. clearing land for renewable energy projects like hydropower
d. clearing forests to expand agriculture
d. clearing forests to expand agriculture
107
Which two countries account for approximately half of deforestation today?
Brazil - increase in meat production
Indonesia - palm oil plantations, destroys rainforests (releases a lot of the carbon contained in them)
108
The production of beef, soybeans, palm oil, and paper drives about ______ % of deforestation today?
a. 15%
b. 25%
c. 45%
d. 75%
d. 75%
109
climate change is a justice issue
causes - social inequalities drive overconsumption
impacts - unequally felt in society
policies - to manage it have unequal consequences
110
social inequality
a condition where some members enjoy different amounts of wealth, prestige, and power
inequality is a means of ordering the human and nonhuman worlds for the relative benefit of some, and to the detriment of others
111
income
earnings from work or investments
median household income - $67,521 in 2020
112
wealth
total value of savings and other assets (houses, cars, land, businesses) minus debts
$104,000 in 2017
113
social classes in US
Upper - 5%, >$238,000 /yr
Middle - 40-45%, $238,000 /yr
Working - 33%, $50,000 /yr
Lower - 20%, <$30,000 /yr
114
social classes in the world
85% of world pop live on <$30 /day
67% of world pop live on <$10 /day
10% of world pop live on <$1.90 /day
115
richest of world's population earnings
richest 10% - >$38,000
richest 1% - >$109,000
116
3 elements of vulnerability & adaption of climate change
exposure - the stress that an entity faces
sensitivity - how much they will be affected
adaptive capacity - the degree that an entity can deal with or respond
117
some groups are more vulnerable than others
elderly, those with disabilities, racial and ethnic minorities, poor people in a particular country or those living in less developed countries
118
causes for vulnerability
political and economic policies and decisions as well as individual choices and actions (structure and agency)
short term economic growth in lieu of adaption efforts
119
adaption
concept emerged in evolutionary biology in the 19th century
process in which species become better suited to their environment with each successive generation
those best suited to their ecological niche will prosper and pass their traits on
occurs without purposeful design, natural
120
adaption of humans
process of adjustment to actual or expected climate and its effects, in order to moderate harm or exploit beneficial opportunities
efforts that focus on humans' ability to live with the changes that occur
121
mitigation
a human intervention to reduce emissions or enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases
122
3 critical pathways for reducing vulnerability and enhancing adaptive capacity
structural, institutional, societal
123
structural (critical pathways for reducing vulnerability and enhancing adaptive capacity)
measures that aim to make physical, technological, and ecological systems less vulnerable and more resilient
engineered, technological, ecosystem-based
124
institutional (critical pathways for reducing vulnerability and enhancing adaptive capacity)
use laws, regulations, and economic incentives to encourage adaption
laws & regulations, government policies, programs, and services
125
societal (critical pathways for reducing vulnerability and enhancing adaptive capacity)
efforts aimed to encourage adaptive behaviors and lessen the impact of climate change
educational, informational, behavioral, social services, sociodemographic
126
COP - Conference of Parties
countries that were signatories of the original UN climate agreement in 1992
countries meet yearly to assess progress and discuss how to tackle climate change
127
why is COP 28 controversial?
the UAE is one of the top 10 oil-producing countries
Sultan Al Jaber, the chief executive of the state-owned oil company (Adnoc) is the president of the talks
128
international finance
between 2000 and 2019, the world suffered at least $2.8 trillion in loss and damage from climate change - costing around $16 million per hour
129
2 concepts of international finance
economic loss and damage - negative impacts where the costs are quantifiable, such as damage to infrastructure or reduced crop yields
non-economic loss and damage - negative impacts that are not easily traded in markets, and typically harder to measure in monetary terms, such as loss of culture, displacement and way of life
130
loss and damage/climate reparations is a subject closely related to the concept of climate justice and equity
commitments to the fund started coming in moments after the decision was gaveled, totaling more than 700 million USD to date
only worth 2 days of the total loss and damage
131
amount needed for adaption efforts in developing countries
estimated range $4 to $109 billion per year by 2030 (underestimate)
132
amount needed for mitigation efforts in developing countries
estimated range $177 to $695 billion per year by 2030
133
foreign aid to nations
only $140 billion a year
134
international finance shortcoming
pledged funding fall short
commitments not fulfilled
gap in funding and need expected to continue to rise
135
Parks & Roberts Case Studies: Honduras
example of poorest and most vulnerable countries suffering worst from climate change
weak social infrastructure and unequal land distribution (affects of colonialism)
reliant on low export produce
increase in hurricane activity
136
Parks & Roberts Case Studies: Tuvalu
a small Pacific island state that is threatened by rising sea levels
heavily reliant on imports
coral bleaching affects fish populations
structurally and economically vulnerable (effects due to colonialism)
increase in cyclone activity
137
Parks & Roberts Case Studies: Mozambique
back to back hurricanes and cyclones
had 3 major cyclones
colonialism is deeply rooted within all the systems
land policy difficulties
138
peak water
the point at which increasing demand exceeds a constant or diminishing supply
competition between urban drinking water, agriculture, and ecological conservation
139
water stress
a measure of how much demand there is for an area's available water supply
140
water conflicts
trigger - access to and control of water can be a "trigger" for violence
weapon - water and water systems can be "weapons" of violence
casualty - water and water systems can be "casualties" of violence when they are attacked during conflicts that may start for other reasons
141
What’s causing global water stress?
Increased demand, more than doubled since 1960
Lack of water infrastructure investment, unsustainable water use, climate change
142
Where (which countries) face the worst stress?
Bahrain, Cyprus, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman and Qatar
North Africa and the Middle East
143
Where is water demand increasing most?
Places with a growing population and industrialization
Domestic and agricultural areas
Sub-saharan Africa
144
What are the negative implications of water stress?
Threat to GDP
World’s food security
Industrial interruptions
145
what can be done about water stress?
Improve water governance
Incentivize water efficiency in agriculture
Integrated water resource management
Nature-based/green/water infrastructure
Wetlands, mangroves, and forests!
Treating and reusing wastewater
146
What’s the major argument presented by Chenoweth’s article?
The water crisis is caused by problems of distribution and management rather than supply
147
What do we mean by “virtual water”?
Increasingly compensating water scarcity for the importation of grains grown elsewhere
Substitute for locally required water to grow crops
148
What is the trade-in “virtual water”?
Virtual water trade is the hidden flow of water within our commodities that we don't see in the result of products when goods are exchanged, we don’t see the amount of water that was used in the process
Doesn’t reduce the demand for water, only shifts it from one place to another
149
If we accept Chenoweth’s argument, then think of what negative implications may follow from this.
may lead to over-reliance on water imports, neglect of local water conservation, inequality issues within the community
Being over-reliant on water imports can result in trade acting as a crutch and ignoring water scarcity
150
Food Inc. health impacts
E.coli 0157 and salmonella are contracted from contaminated meat and produce
obesity and diabetes are becoming more prevalent, especially among minorities
151
Food Inc. environmental issues
runoff and emissions from factory farms and processing plants
very few crops are being mass produced due to subsidies, decreasing genetic diversity
152
Food Inc. social consequences
workers are easily replaceable and paid low wages
farmers are often in debt to large corporations
slaughterhouses are often in economically-depressed areas
many large corporations have sway in policy decisions
153
Food Inc. animal abuses
chickens are kept in the dark, cramped areas and can barely walk to due modifications
cows walk in their manure and are fed corn instead of grass
154
planetary diet = flexitarian diet
a diet rich in plant-based foods and fewer animal-source foods will improve both human and environmental health
switching from current diets to planetary diets can prevent ~11 million deaths per year
155
relevant planetary boundaries for food systems
climate change, land-system change, freshwater use, nitrogen cycling, phosphorus cycling, and biodiversity loss
156
strategies for great food transformation
1 - seek international and national commitment to shift toward healthy diets
2 - reorient agricultural priorities from producing high quantities of food to producing healthy food
3 - sustainably intensify food production to increase high-quality output
4 - strong and coordinated governance of land and oceans
5 - at least halve food losses and waste, in line with the UN Sustainable Development Goals
157
permaculture
coined in 1970s by Bill Mollison and David Holmgren
permanent agriculture and permanent culture
an ethical, whole-systems design approach to creating sustainable landscapes and agriculturally productive environments
158
purpose of permaculture
ecologically sound, economically sound, does not exploit or pollute, is sustainable in the long-term, and has self-sufficient systems
supports the transition from dependent consumers to responsible producers
guides us to mimic the patterns and relationships we can find in nature
159
Permaculture techniques: Guilds
a grouping of trees, plants, and organisms that work together to ensure mutual health and productivity
160
Permaculture techniques: Zones
help organize design elements based on the frequency of human use or plant needs (zones #1-5: 1 meaning closest access to people bc they need frequent intervention vs 5 meaning farthest from people bc it doesn't need any human intervention)
161
Permaculture techniques: No-till Gardening
minimizes disturbance to soil by not plowing agricultural fields
162
Permaculture techniques: Intercropping
planting two or more crops together that benefit one another and can be harvested together
163
Permaculture techniques: Crop rotation
growing different crops in the same area across different growing seasons instead of planting the same crop on the same field every season/year
164
3 main ethics of permaculture
earth care - protect natural systems and rebuild degraded ones; using organic methods and not relying on pesticides, GMOs, or herbicides
people care - design with the intention of promoting health and well-being of everyone; people will have security and stability through sustainable and self-sufficient systems
fair share - limiting consumption and waste; redistributing excess to others; allowing renewable resources to regenerate
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produce no waste (permaculture principle)
resources that would be considered waste could be nutrients for another system
ex. reusing, recycling, and composting
166
3 spheres forming social institutions of society
market - production and distribution of goods and services (focus on maximizing the return on investment)
the state - focus on providing security (military and law), ensuring economic growth, maintaining political legitimacy
civil society - the arena of uncoerced collection action around shared interests, purposes, and values
167
social movement
networks of informal interactions between a plurality of individuals, groups and/or organizations, engaged in political or cultural conflicts, on the basis of shared collective identities
an organized activity that encourages or discourages social change (influence the social landscape by framing grievances & provide networks and resources)
168
the climate change movement has
been said to impact global climate change policy
in 3 ways
policy advocacy
providing policy research
opening political space for new political reforms
169
framing
provide people with clear definitions of the problem, define who is at fault, and how the problem can be solved
170
diagnostic framing
clearly states the problem
171
prognostic framing
offers solutions of how to solve the problem
172
motivational framing
calling people to act
173
resource mobilization theory
links the success of any social movement to available resources of that movement (money, labor, mass media)
174
mobilization from below
collective issues are exposed by people who are experiencing them in their everyday lives
175
mobilization from above
a top-down effort at social change typically led by established institutions
176
Political opportunity structure
* Focuses on the political environment in which SMs
operate looking at a variety of features
* Institutional provisions for participation
* Stability of political alignments
* Access to elites
* Conflict between elites
* Level of repression used by government
177
Social movement success
All three of these factors: framing, resource
mobilization, political opportunity structure
can influence a movement’s ability to be
successful (however defined)
178
Brulle - US Environmental Movement
- discursive frame
set of cultural viewpoints that inform the practices of a community of social movement organizations
in the US environmental movement, there are 11 discursive frames
179
Brulle - US Environmental Movement
- wildlife management
roots in the middle of the 19th century which arose over concerns over hunting and then in the early 1930s - reducing demand and increasing supply of game animals
180
Brulle - US Environmental Movement
- conservation
late 19th century- nature is a resource to be used to meet
human needs in society. It dominated the environmental movement between 1900 to 1960
181
Brulle - US Environmental Movement
- preservation
19th century – discourse emerged over concerns with the
expansion of economic development and the disappearance of wild lands
182
Brulle - US Environmental Movement
- reform environmentalism
in the mid-1960s, spurred by Rachel Carson’s the
Silent Spring, concerns over pollution became prominent in the environmental movement
183
Brulle - US Environmental Movement
- deep ecology
1980s - the belief that the requirements to maintain intact
ecosystems should take precedence over human needs
184
Brulle - US Environmental Movement
- environmental justice
early 1980s – the realization that environmental
problems are not equally distributed in society. That humans were the cause of
these problems
185
Brulle - US Environmental Movement
-environmental health
late 1980s – relationship between pollution and human health
186
Brulle - US Environmental Movement
- ecofeminism
1980s – grew out of the feminist movement, drew parallels to the exploitation of women and the environment
187
Brulle - US Environmental Movement
- ecospiritualism
beginning in 1967 with the essay by Lynn White titled "The Historical Roots of Our Ecologic Crisis
188
Brulle - US Environmental Movement
- two other related discursive frames: Animal Rights & Anti-Globalization/Greens
Animal Rights (1866) - concern over the treatment of animals
Anti-globalization/ Greens (1990s) – focus on the rise of the global economy and how it impacts quality of life and the environment
189
· Domination of humans by other humans leads to domination of nature.
· The economic system and nation state of course structures of society that create ecological problems.
· Commodification and market imperatives force consumption to continually increase in the developed economy.
· Environmental destruction in low-income/racially distinct communities of Third World countries originates from the exploitation of all the people who live in these areas spotted dominant social institutions.
· Resolution of environmental problems requires fundamental social change based on the empowerment of local communities.
Environmental Justice
190
· The scientific management of ecosystems can ensure stable populations of wildlife.
· The wildlife population can be seen as a crop from which excess populations can be sustainably harvested in accordance with the ecological limitations of a given area. This excess wildlife population thus can be utilized for human recreation in sport.
Wildlife Management
191
· Physical and biological nature is nothing more than a collection of parts that function like a machine.
· Humans need to use natural resources provided by major to maintain society.
· Nature can be managed by humans through the application of technical knowledge by competent professionals.
· The proper management philosophy for natural resources is to realize the greatest good for the greatest number of people over the long history of time.
Conservation
192
· Human health is the outcome of interactions with physical chemical, biological, and social factors in the natural environment, especially toxic substances and pollution.
· Ensuring community health requires a livable and healthy community, with adequate social services and elimination of exposures to toxic or polluting substances.
· The precautionary principle (no technology or material can be used unless it is proven environmentally harmless) should guide industrial development.
Environmental Health
193
· All humans and their communities deserve to live in an equitable, just and environmentally sustainable world.
· Global abuses-such as ecological destruction, poverty, war and oppression-are linked to global capitalism and the political and economic forces that have allowed the development of social inequality and injustices.
· The coercive powers of international financial institutions need to be eliminated so that national governments are accountable to the democratic will of their population.
Anti-Globalization/Greens
194
· Nature is endowed with spiritual value.
· Humanity, as part of nature, has a moral obligation to preserve it intact.
· Religious beliefs need to be developed that embody this ethic.
· These beliefs can then inform actions to create an ecologically sustainable society.
Eco-spiritualism
195
· Natural systems are self-creating, evolutionary holes that cannot be reduced to some of their parts. Hence nature is not a machine but an intact organism.
· Human actions can impair the ability of natural systems to maintain themselves or to evolve further.
· Wilderness and wildlife are important components in supporting both the physical and spiritual life of humans.
· Human values go beyond those measured by the national income accounts to include the preservation of wild lands and life.
· Continued existence of wilderness in wildlife is critical to the spiritual well-being of humanity.
· Protection of wilderness areas in wildlife for the current and future generations is an essential environmental task.
Preservation
196
· All creation is endowed with an ability to define itself and evolve.
· Life thus has a right to be left to develop according to its own character.
· Humanity has no right to infringe on the rights of other animals.
Animal Rights
197
· All life on Earth, in its richness and diversity, has intrinsic value.
· Humankind’s relations to the natural world at present endanger the richness and diversity of life.
· Human life is privileged only to the extent of satisfying vital needs.
· Maintenance of the diversity of life on Earth mandates a decrease in the human impacts on the natural environment and a substantial increase in the wilderness areas of the globe.
· Changes (consistent with cultural diversity) affecting basic economic, technological, and cultural aspects of society are therefore necessary.
Deep Ecology
198
· Natural systems are the basis of all organic existence including that of humans.
· Humankind is the element within a natural ecosystem, and hence human survival is linked to ecosystem survival.
· Ethical human actions (actions that promote the good life for human-kind) necessarily promote action toward all life on Earth in an ecologically responsible manner.
· Proper use of natural sciences can guide the relationship between humanity and its natural environment.
Reform Environmentalism
199
· Earth is home for all life and should be revered and nurtured.
· Ecosystem abuse is rooted in androcentric concepts, values, and institutions.
· Relations of complementarity rather than superiority between culture/nature, human/nonhuman, and male/female are desirable.
· The many problems of human relations and relations between the human and nonhuman worlds will not be resolved until androcentric institutions, values and ideology are eradicated.
Ecofeminism
200
What arguments does Brown make in “Saving Civilization”?
He wanted the market to be truthful about the full cost of products, taking into account the external costs
He wants political leaders to act upon restructuring taxes to help with this
Social movements are needed to move the political leaders to take action
Shift of value from military to social things that need further assistance.
201
What does Brown argue needs to be done? How?
A new economy powered by carbon-free energy sources has a diversified transport system and reuses and recycles must be built. Carbon-tax. Include external costs in our economy. Redefine security.
202
How does Brown see issues such as stabilizing the climate, population, poverty, and restoring the economy’s natural support systems? Explain.
They are mutually dependent. The goals are intertwined. We can’t reach one goal without reaching the others. All four must be met.
203
Brown argues that we need a new economy. What does he envision this economy should look like?
Full-cost pricing
Carbon tax
Reduced income tax
204
What does Brown suggest the real cost of gasoline is?
$15 per gallon
205
How does he suggest that we deal with aquifer depletion? With deforestation?
Ban the creation of wells, price water accordingly to reduce its use, and stabilize the aquifer
Proper incentives like a tax for each tree that is cut down would help shift from clearcutting to selective cutting, taking the mature trees and thus protecting the forests
206
What does Brown mean when he says we need to redefine security?
What we can build together
207
Brown's Pearl Harbor Model
a dramatic occurrence that fundamentally changes our thoughts and behavior
208
Brown's Berlin Wall model
where society reaches a tipping point after a long period there is a gradual change in thoughts and attitudes
209
Brown's Sandwich model
where dedicated movements push for change and are strongly supported by political leaders
210
Major points in Brown's reading
Social change is possible
This isn’t a radical change, everything is very reasonable
Linkage between planetary boundaries and social basis
211
TRUE or FALSE In the U.S. social class is a better predictor of proximity to waste than race.
FALSE - RACE is a better predictor than SOCIAL CLASS
212
TRUE or FALSE The utilitarian argument for protecting biodiversity is that other species have an inherent right to exist, regardless of whether nature has any utility for humans.
FALSE - ETHICAL
213
TRUE or FALSE Lester Brown in “Saving Civilization” sees issues such as stabilizing the climate, stabilizing population, poverty, and restoring the natural support systems as intertwined.
TRUE
214
TRUE or FALSE Nonpoint source pollution is a single identifiable source of air, water, noise, or light pollution; (e.g., pollution from industrial and sewage treatment plants, dredge spoil)
FALSE - POINT SOURCE
215
TRUE or FALSE The consumption/environmental degradation paradox states that nations with higher levels of natural resource consumption typically have higher levels of natural resource degradation.
FALSE - They dump more than they use
216
TRUE or FALSE Deforestation measures a thinning of the canopy – a reduction in the density of trees in the area – but without a change in land use.
FALSE - Deforestation describes destroying/tearing down large portions of entire forests, not just thinning them out
217
TRUE or FALSE Between 2000 and 2019, the world suffered at least $2.8 trillion in loss and damage from climate change – costing around $16 million per hour.
TRUE
218
What is the current mix of global water use as presented in this class:
a. 70-86% agriculture, 10-20% industry, 4-10% domestic use
b. 70-86% industry, 10-20% agriculture, 4-10% domestic use
c. 70-86% domestic use, 10-20% industry, 4-10% agriculture
d. 70-86% agriculture, 10-20% domestic use, 4-10% industry
a. 70-86% agriculture, 10-20% industry, 4-10% domestic use
219
Financially compensating a developing country because climate change reduced their food production would be an example of:
a. Adaptation - trying to live with the problem
b. Geoengineering
c. Mitigation - trying to lessen the problem
d. Reparations
d. Reparations
220
Struggles for environmental justice have had the most impact at the:
a. Local level
b. National level
c. International level
d. No impact
a. Local level
221
According to Lester Brown, which of the following political processes necessary to address climate change is within our control?
a. A Berlin Wall moment
b. The Pearl Harbor effect
c. The Sandwich Effect
d. A Pie in the sky dream
c. The Sandwich Effect - power coming from the top and bottom (government and people)
222
According to Brulle et al., which grouping represents the three most popular discursive frames used in the U.S. environmental movement represented by most organizations?
a. Wildlife Management, Conservation, Preservation
b. Reform Environmentalism, Conservation, Preservation
c. Ecofeminism, Deep Ecology, and Green/Anti-Globalization
d. Environmental Justice, Deep Ecology, Ecofeminism
b. Reform Environmentalism, Conservation, Preservation
223
Which of the following is a social consequence of the industrial food system?
a. Workers are easily replaceable and paid low wages.
b. Farmers are often in debt to large corporations.
c. Slaughterhouses are often in economically depressed areas.
d. All of the above.
d. All of the above.
224
What are the ethics of permaculture?
a. Earth Care, People Care, Fair Share
b. Fair Share and Ecosystem Care
c. Ecosystem Care, Consumer Care, Fair Share
d. Earth Care and Fair Trade
a. Earth Care, People Care, Fair Share
225
Which of the following do we learn about the U.S. environmental movement by taking a resource mobilization perspective?
a. A relatively small number of environmental organizations control a large percentage of the income.
b. The income is evenly distributed amongst environmental organizations
c. The Conservation discursive frame garners little of the income
d. All of the above are true
a. A relatively small number of environmental organizations control a large percentage of the income.
226
Explain what Kate Raworth means when she says we need to learn how to live in the sweet spot of the doughnut.
She wants us to meet the needs of all people in the world within the means of the planet.
227
From the Parks and Roberts reading, explain how one of the following case studies they cover (Tuvalu, Mozambique, or Honduras) is a case of climate injustice.
Honduras was especially devastated by the hurricane because of weak social infrastructure and unequal land distribution.
Tuvalu is heavily reliant on imports. Sea levels are rising and coral bleaching affects fish populations. Structurally unstable and vulnerable.
228
Provide a real-life example of environmental injustice and explain why it is an environmental injustice issue.
Oil drilling occurring in California near the POC communities causing heart and lung health issues.
