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Intro to Archeology > Exam 2 Material > Flashcards

Exam 2 Material Flashcards

1
Q

Nodule

A

An unworked piece of stone

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2
Q

Core

A

A worked piece of stone with flakes removed

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3
Q

Knapping

A

making stone tools by intentionally removing a series of flakes

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4
Q

Lithics

A

shaped stone artifacts

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5
Q

Pebble cores

A

Made of rounded clasts (cobbles or pebbles)
Shaped by hard hammer percussion
Choppers - worked edge makes 50-75% of the circumference of the core
Discoids - worked edge makes 75-100% of the core circumference

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6
Q

Bifacial cores

A

Bilaterally symmetrical with flake removals occurring on both the upper and lower faces of the core
Exhibit unequal length, width, and thickness
Handaxes - at least one sharply pointed end
Thinned bifaces - sharp points at one or both ends
Thickness less than ⅕ of its greatest width

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7
Q

Prepared cores

A

Display hierarchy of flake release surfaces
One side of the worked edge is used preferentially as a striking platform
Adjacent side - flake release platform

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8
Q

Tools

A

the intentional product of the manufacturing process

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9
Q

Waste

A

unused material that results from the process

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10
Q

Debitage

A

shatter, chips, and debris

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11
Q

Higher artifact diversity ->

A

Lower residential mobility

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12
Q

High % of cortical flakes ->

A

Tool production site

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13
Q

High % of retouched tools ->

A

Activity/habitation area

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14
Q

High % of large cores ->

A

Close proximity to raw material

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15
Q

Ceramics

A

made of clay and hardened by heat

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16
Q

Pottery

A

pots, dishes, containers, and other vessels made of baked clay

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17
Q

Making Pottery

Step 1

A

Collecting raw materials

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18
Q

Making Pottery

Step 2

A

Preparing the paste

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19
Q

Making Pottery

Step 3

A

Shaping the vessel

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20
Q

Making Pottery

Step 4

A

Decorating

21
Q

Making Pottery

Step 5

A

Firing

22
Q

Open Firing

A

Produces ceramics with dark, black cores

23
Q

Kiln Firing

A

Produces lighter, redder interiors

24
Q

Pottery Shape and size

A

provide clues about vessel use

25
Q

Pottery Content

A

associated artifacts and features also provide clues about the use

26
Q

Pottery Residues

A

reveal both use and contents

27
Q

Ceramic Stylistic patterns

A

reflect identity, social organization, and ideology

28
Q

Ceramic Provenience Studies

A

Visual inspection
Petrographic analysis
Compositional analysis

29
Q

Wild wheat

A

brittle rachis and tough glume

Glume won’t snap as easily, but the rachis will for seed distribution

30
Q

Domesticated wheat

A

tough rachis and brittle glume

Rachi won’t snap as easily but the glume will, depends on humans for rep

31
Q

Types of Microbotanical Remains

A

Pollen and spores
Phytoliths
Diatoms
Starch

32
Q

Palynology

A

The study of pollen

33
Q

Zooarcheology

A

Study of animal remains from archeological sites

Bone, teeth, antlers, ivory, hides, hair, shells, scales, blood, etc.

34
Q

Number of Identified Species (NISP)

A

A measurement used to identify the number of individuals of each species that are present at a site

Provide information on the relative importance of different animals

35
Q

Taphonomy

A

Study of what happens to an organism after its death

36
Q

Distinct bone surface indicator

Abrasion, rounding, and fragmentation ->

A

result of physical process of water, rolling, trampling, or exposure

37
Q

Distinct bone surface indicator

Cracking and flaking of surface creates fibrous surface ->

A

result of weathering of bone on exposed ground surface

38
Q

Distinct bone surface indicator

Bioerosion ->

A

weathering by various animals, insects, and other animals (tooth and gnaw marks)

39
Q

Distinct bone surface indicator

Bleached, white bones ->

A

result of sun exposure for an extended period of time

40
Q

Distinct bone surface indicator

Charred/burned bone ->

A

intentional or unintentional exposure to fire

41
Q

Distinct bone surface indicator

Cut marks ->

A

result of intentional human butchery of an animal carcass

42
Q

Shell middens

A

Huge heaps of shells found on coasts and riverbeds in various parts of the world

provide crucial information on diet, local habitat, climate, seasonality of site occupation

43
Q

Bioarchaeology

A

Study of human skeletal remains from archeological contexts

44
Q

Primary Burial

A

Original place the body was buried,
Articulated body position

45
Q

Secondary Burial

A

Where the remains are moved to after the primary burial,
Disarticulated position

46
Q

Paleopathology

A

Examination of the medical disorders and injuries a person sustained in life (stress and disease)

Can identify health status and stress - bone fractures, arthritis, and periodontal disease, and nutritional problems

47
Q

Mortuary analysis

A

Study of graves

Includes analysis of human skeleton remains, the contents, and the pit or chamber

48
Q

Ascribed status

A

positions of power determined by lineage and inheritance (born into power)

49
Q

Achieved status

A

positions of power achieved throughout a lifetime

Intro to Archeology (1 decks)

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