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Tropical Biology > Exam 2 (Mammals & Arthropods) > Flashcards

Exam 2 (Mammals & Arthropods) Flashcards

1
Q

Cingulata

A

Banded organisms such as armadillos (center of armadillo species richness in the neotropics)

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2
Q

Lagomorpha

A

rabbit

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3
Q

Soricomorpha

A

insect feeders, shrews, moles

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4
Q

Chiroptera

A

Bats

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5
Q

Cetacea

A

Whales

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6
Q

Artiodactyla

A

Even-toed Ungulate, two or four hoofed toes on each foot

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7
Q

Perissodactyla

A

Odd-toed ungulate, hindgut fermenters with somewhat simple stomachs

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8
Q

Didelphimorphia

A

Opossum, largest order of marsupials in the Western Hemisphere

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9
Q

Rodentia

A

40% of species are rodents and 22% of rodents are bats

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10
Q

Earth History

A
  • geologists got a lot of ideas of continental drift from biologists because of the similarities between the organisms between continents
  • South America and Australia share marsupials (they might not look alike but they have a common ancestor)
  • land bridge between north and south America; great American biotic interchange (GABI)
  • central america is an important place to understand movement of organisms south and north because it is in the middle of the mixture
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11
Q

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)

A

influence, encourage and assist societies worldwide to conserve the integrity and diversity of nature and to ensure that use of natural resources is equitable and ecologically sustainable

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12
Q

Order: Cingulata
Family: Dasypodidae

A

9-banded armadillo, greater long-nosed armadillo, southern naked tail armadillo, giant armadillo

  • most diversity in south central SA
  • variety of habitats, sea level to 15,000 ft. in Andes
  • Carapace-bony scutes on skin
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13
Q

Order: Pilosa
Family: Myremecophagidae

A
  • Anteaters in Ecuador
  • feed on ants and termites with powerful limbs to tear apart nests
  • Mexico to Argentina
  • specialized feeding: no teeth
  • long skull & vermiform tongue
  • powerful limbs, xenarthrous vertebral articulation, and extra articulation surface that braces lumbar vertebrae
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14
Q

Order: Pilosa
Family: Cyclopedidae

A
  • Silky anteater

- arboreal

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15
Q

Order: Pilosa
Family: Bradypodidae

A
  • pygmy sloth
  • three-toed tree sloths
  • from honduras to argentina
  • arboreal herbivores, awkward on land
  • 3 digits syndactylous-bound together
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16
Q

Order: Primates
Family: Cebidae

A

7 Species: marmoset, tamarin, capuchin, squirrel monkey

  • southern SA to central SA
  • smaller in size
  • quadrupedal locomotion
  • extended family group living
  • long, almost hairless prehensile tails
  • arboreal, diurnal
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17
Q

Order: Primate
Family: Aotidae

A
  • gray-bellied Night Monkey

- Arboreal, nocturnal

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18
Q

Key Innovations to Primate Radiation

A
  • manual dexterity
  • stereoscopic vision
  • complex behavior
  • sociality and communication
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19
Q

Order: Eulipotyphla (Soricomorpha)

A
  • among the smallest mammals
  • long snout
  • pigmented teeth
  • insectivorous
20
Q

Order: Lagomorpha
Family: Leporidae

A

Hares and rabbits

  • only 1 species in Ecuador
  • Quadrupedal strictly
21
Q

Order: Chiroptera

A
  • second largest order (22% of all mammals)
  • Ecuador about 171 species (40% of all bats)
  • only true volant (flying) mammals
  • diverse feeding habits
  • diverse reproductive patterns
  • limited reproductive potential (1 young per year)
  • long lived (up to 35 years contra body size rule)
22
Q

Feeding Behavior: Carnivorous

A

flesh eating, generally larger, birds, mammals, amphibians

23
Q

Feeding Behavior: Insectivorous

A

-insect feeders, gleaners vs aerial predators

24
Q

Feeding Behavior: Sanguivorous

A

blood feeders; saliva has anticoagulants; quadrupedal on ground (large thumb), have 4 sharp modified incisors; 3 species-two feed mainly on mammals (cows and horses); third feeds on birds

25
Q

Feeding Behavrio: Piscivory

A

-fish eaters, long claws for gaffing fish

26
Q

Feeding Behavior: Frugivory

A

-eat fruit, small tail, huge teeth, powerful jaws

27
Q

Feeding Behavior: Nectivory

A

-feed on nectar, long tongue and rostrum, short, broad wings (highly maneuverable)

28
Q

Bergmann’s Rule

A

Ecological rule that says that within a species or within a genus, as you move north, your body size increases, the biggest individuals within a species will be in the northern populations
-smaller organisms have more surface area for heat to be lost

29
Q

Allen’s Rule

A

Shorter appendages at higher latitudes (heat loss)

30
Q

Rapoport’s Rule

A

Latitudinal ranges of plants and animals are generally smaller at lower latitudes than at higher latitudes

  • species richness increases with decreasing elevations
  • high elevation species tend to have high elevational range
  • seasonal variability selects for greater climatic tolerances and therefore wider latitudinal ranges
31
Q

Latitudinal Gradients of Diversity

A

-most organisms on the planet, highest diversity is within the tropics and as you move north and south, species diversity drops dramaticall

32
Q

Elevational Gradients of Diversity

A

Mid-elevations has the highest diversity because there is a mix between the higher and lower elevations

33
Q

Order: Chiroptera
Family: Molossidae

A

Tararida, Eumops, Molossus

-free-tailed bats
-tails extends well beyond the uroptagium
Genus: Tararida: the fastest flying bats (are the equal of swallows)

34
Q

Order: Chiroptera
Family: Phyllostomidae

A

Leaf-nosed Bats

  • Diverse Neotropical family
  • fleshy projection on snout (nose leaf)
  • adaptive radiation high in this family-many feeding habits, but nearly half are frugivores
  • includes subfamily Desmodontinae-the vampire bats
35
Q

Order: Chiroptera
Family: Phyllostomidae
Subfamily: Carollinae

A

-roost in groups of 10-100 in caves, hollow trees, tunnels road culverts, and less commonly in rocks, under leaves and in buildings

Two roost types: Harem (adult male with many females) and Bachelor (adult and sub adult males without a harem)

  • peak activity is right after sunset
  • generalist feeding, 50 different species of fruit, forage close to the ground
  • important disperser of seeds
36
Q

Order: Chiroptera
Family: Phyllostomidae
Subfamily: Desmodontinae

A
  • vampire bats
  • only mammals that feed solely on blood
  • relatively small bats
  • 35 gram individual can ingest 18 grams of blood
  • super kidneys begin expelling water (peeing) to reduce weight of blood in stomach
  • an enzyme found in Desmodus saliva shows great promise for limiting brain damage in stroke victims
37
Q

Order: Chiroptera
Family: Noctilionidae

A
  • bulldog or fishing bats
  • neotropics
  • nocturnal hunters, use echolocation to locate fish, aquatic insects
  • have large, rakelike feet with claws to scoop up fish, insects from water
38
Q

Order: Perissodactyla
Family: Tapiridae

A
  • short stout legs
  • prehensile upper lip
  • excellent swimmers
  • cheek teeth simple and bachydont
  • trails through the forest-important part of tropical ecosystem for dispersal
  • herbivorous, emerge at night to feed on terrestrial and aquatic vegetation
  • good swimmers and use water for escape
39
Q

Order: Carnivores
Family: Felidae (cats)

A

Ocelot
Oncilla
Margay
Jaguar (Puma/Panther)

40
Q

Order: Carnivores
Family: Canidae (dogs, foxes)

A

Gray fox, bush dog, coyote

41
Q

Order: Carnivores
Family: Ursidae

A

Spectacled Bear

42
Q

Order: Carnivores
Family: Procyonidae

A

Raccoons, kinkajous

43
Q

Order: Carnivores
Family: Mustelidae

A

Weasels, tayra, greater grison, otter

44
Q

Order: Carnivores
Family: Mephitidae

A

Striped Hog-nosed Skunk

45
Q

Order: Didelphimorphia
Family: Didelphidae

A
  • primitive (ancestral) morphology
  • long rostrum, narrow braincase
  • marsupium
  • prehensile tail
  • omnivorous

Tropical Biology (2 decks)

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