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Tropical Biology > Exam 2 (Mammals & Arthropods) > Flashcards

Exam 2 (Mammals & Arthropods) Flashcards

1
Q

Cingulata

A

Banded organisms such as armadillos (center of armadillo species richness in the neotropics)

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2
Q

Lagomorpha

A

rabbit

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3
Q

Soricomorpha

A

insect feeders, shrews, moles

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4
Q

Chiroptera

A

Bats

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5
Q

Cetacea

A

Whales

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6
Q

Artiodactyla

A

Even-toed Ungulate, two or four hoofed toes on each foot

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7
Q

Perissodactyla

A

Odd-toed ungulate, hindgut fermenters with somewhat simple stomachs

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8
Q

Didelphimorphia

A

Opossum, largest order of marsupials in the Western Hemisphere

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9
Q

Rodentia

A

40% of species are rodents and 22% of rodents are bats

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10
Q

Earth History

A
  • geologists got a lot of ideas of continental drift from biologists because of the similarities between the organisms between continents
  • South America and Australia share marsupials (they might not look alike but they have a common ancestor)
  • land bridge between north and south America; great American biotic interchange (GABI)
  • central america is an important place to understand movement of organisms south and north because it is in the middle of the mixture
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11
Q

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)

A

influence, encourage and assist societies worldwide to conserve the integrity and diversity of nature and to ensure that use of natural resources is equitable and ecologically sustainable

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12
Q

Order: Cingulata
Family: Dasypodidae

A

9-banded armadillo, greater long-nosed armadillo, southern naked tail armadillo, giant armadillo

  • most diversity in south central SA
  • variety of habitats, sea level to 15,000 ft. in Andes
  • Carapace-bony scutes on skin
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13
Q

Order: Pilosa
Family: Myremecophagidae

A
  • Anteaters in Ecuador
  • feed on ants and termites with powerful limbs to tear apart nests
  • Mexico to Argentina
  • specialized feeding: no teeth
  • long skull & vermiform tongue
  • powerful limbs, xenarthrous vertebral articulation, and extra articulation surface that braces lumbar vertebrae
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14
Q

Order: Pilosa
Family: Cyclopedidae

A
  • Silky anteater

- arboreal

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15
Q

Order: Pilosa
Family: Bradypodidae

A
  • pygmy sloth
  • three-toed tree sloths
  • from honduras to argentina
  • arboreal herbivores, awkward on land
  • 3 digits syndactylous-bound together
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16
Q

Order: Primates
Family: Cebidae

A

7 Species: marmoset, tamarin, capuchin, squirrel monkey

  • southern SA to central SA
  • smaller in size
  • quadrupedal locomotion
  • extended family group living
  • long, almost hairless prehensile tails
  • arboreal, diurnal
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17
Q

Order: Primate
Family: Aotidae

A
  • gray-bellied Night Monkey

- Arboreal, nocturnal

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18
Q

Key Innovations to Primate Radiation

A
  • manual dexterity
  • stereoscopic vision
  • complex behavior
  • sociality and communication
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19
Q

Order: Eulipotyphla (Soricomorpha)

A
  • among the smallest mammals
  • long snout
  • pigmented teeth
  • insectivorous
20
Q

Order: Lagomorpha
Family: Leporidae

A

Hares and rabbits

  • only 1 species in Ecuador
  • Quadrupedal strictly
21
Q

Order: Chiroptera

A
  • second largest order (22% of all mammals)
  • Ecuador about 171 species (40% of all bats)
  • only true volant (flying) mammals
  • diverse feeding habits
  • diverse reproductive patterns
  • limited reproductive potential (1 young per year)
  • long lived (up to 35 years contra body size rule)
22
Q

Feeding Behavior: Carnivorous

A

flesh eating, generally larger, birds, mammals, amphibians

23
Q

Feeding Behavior: Insectivorous

A

-insect feeders, gleaners vs aerial predators

24
Q

Feeding Behavior: Sanguivorous

A

blood feeders; saliva has anticoagulants; quadrupedal on ground (large thumb), have 4 sharp modified incisors; 3 species-two feed mainly on mammals (cows and horses); third feeds on birds

25
Feeding Behavrio: Piscivory
-fish eaters, long claws for gaffing fish
26
Feeding Behavior: Frugivory
-eat fruit, small tail, huge teeth, powerful jaws
27
Feeding Behavior: Nectivory
-feed on nectar, long tongue and rostrum, short, broad wings (highly maneuverable)
28
Bergmann's Rule
Ecological rule that says that within a species or within a genus, as you move north, your body size increases, the biggest individuals within a species will be in the northern populations -smaller organisms have more surface area for heat to be lost
29
Allen's Rule
Shorter appendages at higher latitudes (heat loss)
30
Rapoport's Rule
Latitudinal ranges of plants and animals are generally smaller at lower latitudes than at higher latitudes - species richness increases with decreasing elevations - high elevation species tend to have high elevational range - seasonal variability selects for greater climatic tolerances and therefore wider latitudinal ranges
31
Latitudinal Gradients of Diversity
-most organisms on the planet, highest diversity is within the tropics and as you move north and south, species diversity drops dramaticall
32
Elevational Gradients of Diversity
Mid-elevations has the highest diversity because there is a mix between the higher and lower elevations
33
Order: Chiroptera Family: Molossidae
Tararida, Eumops, Molossus -free-tailed bats -tails extends well beyond the uroptagium Genus: Tararida: the fastest flying bats (are the equal of swallows)
34
Order: Chiroptera Family: Phyllostomidae
Leaf-nosed Bats - Diverse Neotropical family - fleshy projection on snout (nose leaf) - adaptive radiation high in this family-many feeding habits, but nearly half are frugivores - includes subfamily Desmodontinae-the vampire bats
35
Order: Chiroptera Family: Phyllostomidae Subfamily: Carollinae
-roost in groups of 10-100 in caves, hollow trees, tunnels road culverts, and less commonly in rocks, under leaves and in buildings Two roost types: Harem (adult male with many females) and Bachelor (adult and sub adult males without a harem) - peak activity is right after sunset - generalist feeding, 50 different species of fruit, forage close to the ground - important disperser of seeds
36
Order: Chiroptera Family: Phyllostomidae Subfamily: Desmodontinae
- vampire bats - only mammals that feed solely on blood - relatively small bats - 35 gram individual can ingest 18 grams of blood - super kidneys begin expelling water (peeing) to reduce weight of blood in stomach - an enzyme found in Desmodus saliva shows great promise for limiting brain damage in stroke victims
37
Order: Chiroptera Family: Noctilionidae
- bulldog or fishing bats - neotropics - nocturnal hunters, use echolocation to locate fish, aquatic insects - have large, rakelike feet with claws to scoop up fish, insects from water
38
Order: Perissodactyla Family: Tapiridae
- short stout legs - prehensile upper lip - excellent swimmers - cheek teeth simple and bachydont - trails through the forest-important part of tropical ecosystem for dispersal - herbivorous, emerge at night to feed on terrestrial and aquatic vegetation - good swimmers and use water for escape
39
Order: Carnivores Family: Felidae (cats)
Ocelot Oncilla Margay Jaguar (Puma/Panther)
40
Order: Carnivores Family: Canidae (dogs, foxes)
Gray fox, bush dog, coyote
41
Order: Carnivores Family: Ursidae
Spectacled Bear
42
Order: Carnivores Family: Procyonidae
Raccoons, kinkajous
43
Order: Carnivores Family: Mustelidae
Weasels, tayra, greater grison, otter
44
Order: Carnivores Family: Mephitidae
Striped Hog-nosed Skunk
45
Order: Didelphimorphia Family: Didelphidae
- primitive (ancestral) morphology - long rostrum, narrow braincase - marsupium - prehensile tail - omnivorous

Tropical Biology (2 decks)

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