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Bio 110 > Exam 2: Lectures 7-11 > Flashcards

Exam 2: Lectures 7-11 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Small cells with no true nucleus; make up the Domains Archaea and Bacteria

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2
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Large cells with a true nucleus, an extensive internal membrane, and a diverse and dynamic cytoskeleton; make up the Domain Eukarya

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3
Q

How do prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ?

A

Prokaryotes are smaller with no organelles, whereas eukaryotes are 1000x larger with organelles to accommodate for their size

Prokaryotes have flagella and fimbria, while eukaryotes don’t

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4
Q

What’s the purpose of organelles?

A

In eukaryotes, organelles are necessary for the compartmentalization of specific processes. Because the cells are so large, substances cannot move quickly enough across the whole cell. As such, all materials needed for specific processes are contained inside specialized organelles

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5
Q

Name the organelles

A
  • nucleus
  • ribosomes
  • rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • smooth endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi apparatus
  • peroxisomes
  • lysosomes
  • mitochondria
  • chloroplasts (plants)
  • plasma membrane
  • cell wall (plants, fungi, algae)
  • cytoskeleton
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6
Q

Organelle definition

A

Membrane-bound compartments in the cytoplasm that contain enzymes and other molecules for a specific function

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7
Q

Nucleus

A

A large, highly organized organelle enclosed by a double membrane (nuclear envelope) with openings (nuclear pores)

Contains the nuclear laminae and the nucleolus; holds genetic information and assembles ribosome subunits

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8
Q

Ribosomes

A

Not an organelle

Composed of two large and small subunits; made of RNA and proteins and translates RNA and DNA

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9
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

A

A network of membrane-bound sacs and tubules that extends into the cytoplasm and is continuous with the nuclear envelope; has ribosomes attached which help to perform protein manufacturing

The proteins go inside the RER (lumen), undergo folding, and are released to other parts of the cell

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10
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

A

A network of membrane-bound sacs and tubules lacking ribosomes; acts as a lipid processing center and stores internal calcium

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11
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Cisternae (membrane sacs) stacked on top of each other; processes and packages proteins produced in the RER into vesicles for transport to other parts of the cell

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12
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Globular structures that bud off of the endoplasmic reticulum and perform oxidation reactions that produce hydrogen peroxide; perform the breakdown of fatty acids

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13
Q

Lysosomes

A

The “trash cans of the cell”; contain acidic interiors with many different enzymes that break down macromolecules into monomers that are able to be used as building blocks in the rest of the cell

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14
Q

Mitochondria

A

A series of sacs (cristae) surrounded by an outer membrane; contains the mitochondrial matrix

Has its own chromosome (mtDNA) in the mitochondrial matrix; affects growth, development, and production of ATP

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15
Q

Chloroplast

A

In plants; flattened membrane-bound vesicles (thylakoids) bound in a double membrane and performs photosynthesis

Grana: stacks of thylakoids
Stroma: space around grana

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16
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Selectively permeable lipid bilayer with proteins that separates the internal and external environments

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17
Q

Cell wall

A

In fungi, plants, and algae; cellulose fibers in a stiff matrix made of polysaccharides and proteins; provide protection and support

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18
Q

Cytoskeleton

A
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19
Q

Actin

A
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20
Q

Intermediate filaments

A
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21
Q

Microtubules

A
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22
Q

Nuclear transport

A
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23
Q

Nuclear pore complex

A
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24
Q

Which substances pass through the nuclear pore complex and how?

A
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25
Q

Endomembrane system

A
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26
Q

Secretory pathway hypothesis

A
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27
Q

Signal hypothesis

A
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28
Q

Vesicles in the endomembrane system

A
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29
Q

Lysosomes in the endomembrane system

A
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30
Q

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

A
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31
Q

Phagocytosis

A
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32
Q

Autophagy

A
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33
Q

Myosin

A
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34
Q

Cytokinesis

A
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35
Q

Cytoplasmic streaming

A
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36
Q

Cilia

A
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37
Q

Flagella

A
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38
Q

9+2 arrangement

A
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39
Q

Motor proteins

A
40
Q

ATP

A
41
Q

ATP structure

A
42
Q

How does ATP release energy?

A
43
Q

Where and how is ATP produced in cellular respiration?

A
44
Q

NADH

A
45
Q

Cellular respiration steps

A
46
Q

Glycolysis

A
47
Q

Pyruvate processing

A
48
Q

Krebs Cycle

A
49
Q

Election Transport Chain

A
50
Q

Fermentation steps

A
51
Q

When does fermentation happen?

A
52
Q

Photosynthesis equation

A
53
Q

Reactions in photosynthesis

A
54
Q

Role of ATP in photosynthesis

A
55
Q

Role of NADPH in photosynthesis

A
56
Q

Where and how is ATP produced in photosynthesis?

A
57
Q

Where and how is ATP produced in photosynthesis?

A
58
Q

Organelle and structures involved in photosynthesis

A
59
Q

Chlorophyll

A
60
Q

Photosynthesis steps

A
61
Q

Photosystem II

A
62
Q

Photosystem I

A
63
Q

Reaction center

A
64
Q

Antenna complex

A
65
Q

How are the photosystems linked?

A
66
Q

Role of CO2 in plant cells

A
67
Q

Role of glucose in plant cells

A
68
Q

C3 plants

A
69
Q

C4 plants

A
70
Q

CAM plants

A
71
Q

Components of cell surface

A
72
Q

Cell secretions

A
73
Q

Extracellular matrix in animals

A
74
Q

Extracellular matrix in plants

A
75
Q

Tight junctions

A
76
Q

Desmosomes

A
77
Q

Selective adhesion

A
78
Q

Communication between adjacent cells

A
79
Q

Gap junctions

A
80
Q

Plasmodesmata

A
81
Q

How do distant cells communicate?

A
82
Q

Basic signaling steps

A
83
Q

Signal reception

A
84
Q

Cell receptor characteristics

A
85
Q

Signal processing

A
86
Q

Lipid soluble substance

A
87
Q

Lipid insoluble substances

A
88
Q

Response

A
89
Q

Deactivation

A
90
Q

Cross-talk

A
91
Q

Prokaryote structures

A

Prokaryotes are defined as a single compartment surrounded by a plasma membrane, has a peptidoglycan cell wall around the membrane and a cytoskeleton to maintain cell shape

Chromosomes are supercoiled and located in the nucleoid, which exists in the cytoplasm and is not surrounded by a membrane; may have plasmids

Contains flagella for movement and fimbria for attachment

92
Q

Eukaryote structures

A

Eukaryotes have a plasma membrane surrounding a cytoplasm filled with organelles; plant and fungal cells have a rigid cell wall outside the plasma membrane

Chromosomes exist in the nucleus, surrounded by the nuclear envelope

Large size requires eukaryotic cells to compartmentalize with organelles

93
Q

Nuclear laminae

A

Organizes chromosomes, stiffens the nuclear envelope, defines the shape of the nucleus, and helps with DNA replication

94
Q

Nuclear pores

A

Lets in nucleotides; lets out RNA and ribosomes

95
Q

Nucleolus

A

Where ribosomes and ribosomal RNA are created

Bio 110 (4 decks)

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