Exam 2 Lecture 12 (3-9-23) Do-over Pulmonary Lecture, Spirometry, V/Q Matching (Andy's Cards) Flashcards

1
Q

What could be causing the slow slope of the inspiration curve (black dashed line)?

A

If we have a lack of surfactant, it becomes difficult to put air into the lungs. And what happens when we get down to very low lung volume, usually our surfactant level decreases. And the longer the lung is collapsed or at very low lung volumes, the lower our surfactant concentrations go.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The surfactant that floats around in our alveolar fluids typically has a _______ shelf life.

A

short

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are type II alveolar cells?

A

Alveolar cells that produce surfactant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are type I alveolar cells?

A

These cells are thin and cover a lot of surface area on the alveoli. They are responsible for gas exchange.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

During normal breathing, inspiration will generate negative alveolar pressure. What effect will this cause on the surfactants lining the alveoli?

A

The negative alveolar pressure will cause the surfactant to be knocked loose. This will cause the lungs to replace the lost surfactant.

If the lungs are deflated and don’t have enough negative alveolar pressure, less surfactant will be knocked loose and replaced.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

In terms of the proportions that make up the elastic recoil of a healthy lung.
_______ of recoil is based on the connective tissue of the lungs.
________ of recoil is based on surface tension.

What will happen to the surface tensions if the lungs lack surfactant?

A

one-third (connective tissue)
two-thrid (surface tension)

If the lungs lack surfactant, surface tension will play an even larger role in elastic recoil (increased proportion). This will also make it very difficult to fill the alveoli with air.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Does positive pressure ventilation affect that process of replacing surfactant?

A

Yes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Does positive pressure ventilation affect that process of replacing surfactant?

A

Yes.

Alveolar pressure has to be negative to normally jar some surfactant loose. Breathing on an artificial ventilator is not the same as somebody who’s breathing on their own. With long term vent use, lungs usually start to misbehave.

(52:00)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

For this graph, why does it require less transpulmonary pressure to fill the lungs up with saline than with air?

A

The saline filled lungs has a greatly reduce level of surface tension due to a decrease in air-water interface. All the air has been massaged out of the lungs before it was fill with saline. This results in a more compliant lung. (54:00)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Compare the hysteresis of the saline filled lung with air filled lung in this graph.

A

There is no hysteresis with saline filled lung. The lung behaves the same during inspiration vs expiration. For the air filled lung, there is less compliance during inspiration and more compliance during expiration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What cell in the alveolus non-selectively engulfs and destroy pathogens and surfactants?

A

Alveolar Macrophage (60:00)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the function of spirometry?

What is the limitation simple spirometry?

A

Spirometry can measures air movement in and out of the patient.

Spirometry can not measure RV or any capacities that involve RV such as FRC and TLC. (73:00)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What indicator is used as a diagnostic measurement of FRC?

How does it work?

A

Helium (The system usually contains about 10% He)

The test starts with a known concentration of Helium and known volume in the deluxe spirometer system. The patient then takes a few normal breaths in the spirometer to allow Helium to diffuse to the lungs. This will result in a new concentration of He, which can be used to calculate FRC.

(Refer to min 81:00 for math)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What were the inert noble gases mentioned in this lecture?

A

He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, and Rn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the second leading cause of lung cancer in the US?

A

Radon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What part of the house is more likely to be exposed to Radon?

A

Radon can pass from the soil to the air in a gaseous form and enter your home. Because your basement is below ground, it’s the first room that radon gas will reach as it rises from the soil to the air. Therefore, the concentration of radon gas in your basement will likely be higher than in any other room of your house.

17
Q

Surface tension is ____________ to elastic recoil.

A

proportional

18
Q

Surfactant Metabolism: After synthesis in ER and alterations in the Golgi Apparatus, surfactant is packed in multivesicular bodies and stored in the ____________ of type II alveolar cells.

A

Lamellar Bodies (96:30 and Lange)

19
Q

What is normal alveolar ventilation (VA)?

What is normal perfusion to the lungs?

What is the normal V/Q ration?

A

VA= 4.2 L/min

Q= 5 L/min

4.2:5 = 0.84 *
“V/Q ratio about 0.8”- Dr. Schmidt

20
Q

Which alveolus depicts normal V/Q matching?

A

Alveolus A is normal.
PAO2 = 100 mmHg
PACO2 = 40 mmHg

21
Q

Which alveolus depicts airway obstruction? What could be an example of this?

What would gas conditions in the alveolus be equal to?

A

Alveolus B is depicting airway obstruction. Marble stuck in the mainstem bronchus .

Gas conditions in the alveolus should be equal to mixed venous blood.
PAO2 = 40 mmHg
PACO2 = 45 mmHg

22
Q

Which alveolus depicts blood flow obstruction? What could be an example of this?

What would gas conditions in the alveolus be equal to?

A

Alveolus C is depicting blood flow obstruction. Pulmonary Embolus.

Gas condition in the alveolus should be equal to inspired gas.
PAO2 = 150 mmHg
PACO2 = 0 mmHg

23
Q

Which alveolus wil have a V/Q ratio of zero?

A

Alveolus B will have a V/Q of zero.
There will be normal perfusion, but no ventilation.

24
Q

What will be the V/Q ratio of Alveolus C?

A

If there is normal ventilation, but no perfusion. V/Q ratio comes up as an “ERROR” on the calculator, because the ratio is pretty much infinity. (103:00)

25
Q

What parts of the lung will have a higher V/Q ratio?

What parts of the lung will have a lower V/Q ratio?

A

Apex portion of the lung will have a higher than average V/Q ratio.

Base portion of the lung will have a lower than average V/Q ratio. Despite the fact that there is higher perfusion and ventilation at the base of the lung. The V/Q ratio is lower.

(104:00)

26
Q

What will the PO2 and PCO2 look like during expiration if air is coming from the base of lung?

What about if air is expired form the apex of the lung?

A

Air expired from the base of the lung will have a lower V/Q ratio. PO2 will be lower than normal, PCO2 will be higher than normal.

Air expired from the apex of the lung will have a higher V/Q ratio. PO2 will be higher than normal, PCO2 will be lower than normal.

(105:00)

27
Q

How does age effect V/Q matching?

A

A young person will have good V/Q matching. As an individual age ventilation rate decreases, thus decreasing the V/Q ratio of the individual.

28
Q

What is used to prevent the lungs from collapsing during anesthesia?

A

Positive End Expiratory Pressure

29
Q

What is the downside of using too much PEEP (in regards to the heart)?

A

Overloading the right side of the heart.

30
Q

How does the lung collapse during general anesthesia?

A

When the patient is supine, there is already a decrease of FRC. With the addition of anesthesia and muscle relaxants there is an even greater loss of volume that can result in sub-residual volume. (112:00)

31
Q

Higher lung volumes correlates with _________ airway resistance.

A

Lower

As air enters the lungs the alveolus gets larger, but the airways also get larger. A wider airway gives us lower airway resistance. (114:00)

32
Q

What will happen to our airways if we increase our thoracic pressure?

A

Increasing our thoracic pressure (more positive) will make the airways more narrow, thus increasing resistance.

33
Q

What is the formula for the Fick equation?

A

CO =

(O₂ absorbed per min by lungs mL/min) ÷
(Arteriovenous O₂ difference mL/dL of blood)

34
Q

How many mL/dL of O₂ return to the heart from systemic circulation?

A
  • 15 mL/dL
35
Q

How many mL/dL of O₂ leave the heart?

A
  • 20 mL/dL
36
Q

Calculate cardiac output from the following parameters:
- V̇O₂ = 240 mL/min O₂
- Arterial O₂ = 20 mL/dL O₂
- Venous O₂ = 14 mL/dL O₂

A

4 L/min