Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Comparative Anatomy > Exam 2 - Integument > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Integument Flashcards

1
Q

Integumentary system

A
  1. Skin
  2. Scales, hair, and feathers
  3. Antlers, horns, and nails
  4. Glands (also sensory systems)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Functions of Integumentary system

A
  1. protection -physical barrier and agains UV
  2. Water balance - prevents water loss or gain
  3. Maintains body temperature -heat gain in reptiles, sweating in mammals; heat conservation in birds and mammals
  4. Stimulus perception -
  • Temperature
  • Touch
  • Pressure
  • Pain
  1. Coloration
  • Conspecific identification
  • Reproductive behavior
  • Camouflage
  • Aposomatic coloration (warning coloration)
  1. Excretion of water, salts and nitrogenous waste
  2. Secretion
  • Milk in mammals
  • Oil or mucous (preserves skin)
  1. Locomotion
  • Toe pads (lizards)
  • Hooves
  • Air foils (wings)
  1. Vitamin D synthesis
  2. Respiration - skin in amphibians
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Epidermis

A
  1. Inner gated but avascular (nerves, no blood)
  2. 2 major layers - stratum basake and stratum corneum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Stratum basale

A

a. Produces new cells which are pushed toward the surface
b. Layer rests on basement layer which holds it to the dermis
c. Taxonomically varied layer
d. Two major cells - mucous cells and proteinaceous cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Mucous cellls

A

One of the major cells of stratum basale; produces mucus and poison

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Proteinaceous cells

A

one of the major cells of stratum basale; produces slime, poison and pheromones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Stratum corneum

A

a. Outer layer
b. Rows of flat, dead cells filled with soft keratin
c. Hard keratin in nails
d. Continuously being shed and replaced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Dermis

A
  1. Composed of connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers
  2. Varies in thickness
  3. Thick on palms and soles and is thin in eyelids
  4. Two layers
    i. Stratum spongiosum
    ii. Stratum compactum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Chromatophores

A

pigment-containing and light-reflecting organelles in cells found in a wide range of animals ;

Examples are melanophores, iridophores, xanthophores, erythrophores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Melanophores

A

pigments that produce black, brown, and red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Iridophores

A

contains strucutral colors; color produced by reflection - blue, white, green

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Xanthophores

A

produce yellow pigments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Erythrophores

A

pigments that produce red and orange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Agnathas

A
  1. Lack scales
  2. Epidermis is multi layered
  3. Contains many glands
  4. Dermis is very tough
  5. Contains melanophores
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cartiginous fishes (Class Chondrichthyes)

A
  1. Few glands
  2. Placoid scales
    i. Underlying layer of lamellar bone
    ii. Dentine middle layer
    iii. Enamel cover
    iv. Spine arising from center
  3. Melanophores for counter shading
    - counter shading is used for camouflage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Bony fishes (Grade Teleostomi)

A
  1. Skin
    i. Very thin
    ii. Keratin is absent, mostly
    iii. Replacement is constant
  2. Lots of mucus glands
    i. Provides the majority of protection to the fish skin
    ii. Cleans body
    iii. Prevents entry of foreign substances
    iv. Reduces drag when swimming
    v. Osmoregulation (reduces dehydration)
  3. Fish scales i. Primarily of dermal origin
    ii. Different from the epidermal scales of tetrapods
    iii. Phylogenetic trend is from highly armored to less or non-armored fish
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Major types of scales on extant fishes

A

cosmos scale

ganoid scale

teleost scale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cosmos scales

A

1) primitive
2) layer of dentine laying atop of a double layer bone
3) one layer of home is vascular
4) thin layer of enamel on the dentine
5) cycloid shape is the most common
‣ round outline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Ganoid scales

A

1) thick layer of enamel
2) lacks an underlying layer of dentine
3) double layer of bone forms the foundation
4) vascular and lamellar bone in some
5) in others, there is a single layer of lamellar bone

20
Q

Teleost scale

A

1) lacks enamel, dentine, vascular bone layer
2) non calcified lamellar bone remains
3) several shapes:
4) ctenoid - fringed end (freshwater bass/sunfish)
5) cycloid - round outline (suckers/redfish/trout)

21
Q

Amphibians

A
  1. Epidermis
    i. Very thin with 5 - 8 cell layers
    ii. Outermost layer is lost and constantly replaced
    iii. Contains keratin
  2. Completely permeable to water and all water soluble chemicals
    ‣ Reason amphibians are not found on oceanic islands
  3. Skin is respiratory organ at most
    ‣ Plethodontid salamanders
  4. Frogs and salamanders lack scales
  5. Skin contains many glands
    i. Mucus glands produce mucus to protect skin; and therefore are slimy
    ii. Granular glands ‒ poison makes animal distasteful or toxic
22
Q

Reptiles

A

B. Reptiles
1. Thick stratum corneum
2. Use keratin and lipids in the epidermis to air and waterproof their skins
3. Scales are epidermal ‒ they are simply folds in the epidermis
4. Some have a dermal bone inside the scale called an osteoderm
5. Junction between two scales is a flexible hinge
6. Scute - Special type of scale
i. Large plate-like epidermal scale
ii. Turtle and ventral scales of snakes
7. Ecdyis
i. Shedding of the skin
ii. Both lizards and snakes
Ctenoid and cycloid8. Glands are usually restricted to certain parts of the body
◦Ex: Femoral pores of lizards

23
Q

Birds

A

C. Birds
1. Feathers are modified epidermal scales
‣ Completely homologous to reptile scales
2. Epidermal scales on their legs and feet
3. Skin is weakly keratinized and loose
4. Feathers are highly keratinized
5. Skin has few glands
i. Uropygial gland and Salt gland

24
Q

Uropygial gland

A

a. Lipid-protein gland
b. Located at the base of the tail, dorsally
c. Oil used to preen feathers
d. Waterproofing

25
Q

Salt gland

A

a. Marine birds
b. Excretes excess salts from the diet

26
Q

Kinds of feathers

A

i. Flight
ii. Contour - covering
iii. Down - insulation
iv. Filoplume - display

27
Q

Parts of a flight feather

A

i. Calamus
ii. Rachis (shaft)
iii. Vane
iv. Leading edge of flight feather
v. Trailing edge

28
Q

Origin of feathers

A

i. Probably as a thermoregulatory device
a. Dinosaurs had dinofuzz
b. A feather resembling a frayed end of yarn
ii. Later became functional in flight
a. Feathers with the shaft evolved later
b. Feathers overlapped
c. Gave an aerodynamic advantage
d. Many dinosaurs had “flight” feathers on all four limbs
iii. First feathers were too thin and had delicate shafts
a. We’re not able to support the weight of huge bird that flapped its wings
b. Nor the force of flapping of wings
c. May have helped to glide or show decent from a jump

29
Q

New idea on origin of birds

A

a. Anchiornis huxleyi
b. Lived in what is now northeastern China
c. 151 and 161 mya
d. Older than Archaeopteryx, considered a dinosaur
e. Had a black and gray body plumage
f. Reddish-brown feathers on the top and back of its head
g. Reddish-brown spots on its head and neck h. White racing stripes on its legs and its wing-like forelimbs
i. Suggested that feathers may initially served a behavioral function
j. Possibly intraspecific or interspecific visual communication
k. Later began to serve an aerodynamic function

30
Q

Some research now suggests birds did not descend from dinosaurs

A

a. Birds and dinosaurs probably had a common ancestor
b. But evolved strategy on their own paths
c. Some species currently thought to be dinosaurs may have descended from birds
i. Birds may have given rise to the raptors
2. Velociraptor (smart)
3. More likely a flightless bird
d. Evidence
1. Microraptor - had feathers on all four limbs
2. Glide simulations based on its structures concluded
3. Not practical for it to have flown from ground up
5. Could have flown from the trees down
6. Many researches believe that glider were the ancestors of modern birds
e. More evidence
1. Birds occur in the fossil record before the elaboration of the dinosaurs they supposedly descended
from
2. The position of the thigh bone and muscles in birds is critical to their ability to have adequate lung
capacity for sustained long-distance flight
3. Theropod dinosaurs lack this feature

31
Q

Mammals

A
  1. Skin is relatively thick
  2. Glands - Sudoferous (sweat) and sebaceous(oil)
  3. Hair
  4. Claws and Nails
  5. Horns and Antlers
32
Q

Eccrine glands

A

1) . Most common
2) . Open through pores onto this the skin’s surface
3) . Function throughout life
4) . Produce a watery secretion to cool body
5) . Sweat glands confined to the least hairy regions of mammals (feet and lips)
6) . Humans have more than any other mammals (hairless)

33
Q

Apocrine glands

A

1) . Limited to auxiliary region (armpit), pubic region, and pigmented area around nipple (aerolae)
2) . Open into a hair follicle
3) . Begin to functional at sexual maturity
4) . Produce musk
5) . Mammary glands are modified apocrine glands

34
Q

Mammary glands

A

are modified apocrine glands
◦Number relatedness o litter size
◦Location varies
◦Many on ventral abdominal wall
◦Lemurs and marmosets in armpits
◦Nutria have 4 on their back

35
Q

Sebaceous (oil) glands

A

a. Secrete sebum - an oily mixture of fats, cholesterol, proteins and inorganic salts
b. Lubricates and softens hair and skin and inhibits some bacteria
c. Almost always associated with hair follicles and opens into the hair follicle

36
Q

function of hair

A

a. Protection
b. Insulation
c. Camouflage

37
Q

Structure

A

a. Shaft ‒ the superficial portion above the skin surface
b. Root ‒ the superficial portion below the skin surface
c. Follicle ‒ surrounds the hair root
d. Bulb ‒ enlarged base of the follicle
e. Papilla ‒ indented area at the base of the bulb; contains loose connective tissue and blood vessels in the
matrix (germinal layer)

38
Q

Strucutres associated with each hair follicle

A

a. Arrector pili muscle ‒ pulls the hair upright-cold or fright - “goosebumps”
b. Root hair plexuses ‒ nerve endings, sensitive to touch when hair is moved
c Sebaceous glands

39
Q

Claws

A

e strong keratinized structures that wrap around the terminal bones of the digits

40
Q

Nails

A

hard, keratinized coverings over the dorsal tips of fingers and toes, protect tips of fingers and toes

41
Q

Hooves

A

highly modified claws

42
Q

Antlers

A

a. Bony outgrowths of the skull
b. Shed and replaced annually
c. When alive, covered with tissue called velvet
d. When full size is reached, the velvet is shed and the antler dies

43
Q

Pronghorns

A

a. Horn is part of the skull
b. Covered by an epidermal derived sheath
c. Sheath is shed annually

44
Q

Horns

A

a. Bony cores that are vascularized
b. Over core is a sheath of epidermis that is very keratinized
c. Sheath grows continually
d. Can see growth rings

45
Q

Scales

A

a. Some mammals have epidermal scales
b. The hair is between the scales
c. Usually found on tail or legs
Ex: rats and beavers
d. In some mammals scales occur all over the body
Ex: armadillo and pangolins

46
Q
A

Comparative Anatomy (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions