Exam 2: Integ, Bones & Joints Flashcards by Leslie C

Select the statements that describe the keratinocytes in the superficial layer of the epidermis

Keratinocytes are:

•Dead
•Full of Keratin

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Thick skin is found covering the _

•Palms of hands
•Fingertips
•Tips of the toes
•soles of the feet

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Which is layer is indicated by the letter A?

Stratum Corneum

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The hypodermis or subcutaneous layer is located _ to the dermis

Deep

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The connective tissue layer immediately deep to the epidermis is the

Dermis

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The cuticle is indicated by which letter in the figure below?

C
(3 ring from the middle)

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Select the terms that describe the major regions of the hair

•Root
•Shaft
•Bulb

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A function or property unique to the epidermis (but not the dermis or hypodermis) would be providing _

Protection from abrasions

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The center of the hair shaft is called the _

Medulla

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The cells in the most superficial layer of the skin are dead because

Cells die as they move away from their nutrient supply in the dermis

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Various shades of brown pigmentation in the skin result from

The production of melanin by the melanocytes

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The symptoms of the first degree burn includes

• redness, pain, and slight edema or swelling
• heal in a week or so without scarring

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The layer of the epidermis resting directly upon the dermis is the Stratum _

Basale

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Statements that are true of the stratum Basale but not of any other layer of the epidermis

• Melanin is produced only in this layer

• the keratinocytes of the stratum Basale have the highest rate of mitotic division when compared to any other layer of the epidermis

•The bottom of the cells are bound to the basement membrane with hemidesmosomes

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Deepest layer to most superficial layer of the strata epidermis

Basale
Spinosum
Granulosum
Lucidum
Corneum

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T/F
The epidermis is composed of keratinized Simple squamous epithelium

False

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What specific type of tissue makes up the epidermis of the skin?

Stratified squamous epithelium

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If your patient had very low levels of Vitamin D, what would you expect to find?

• A higher than normal concentration of calcium in the urine

•A lower than normal concentration of calcium in the blood

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Analogy: the structure and role of the subcutaneous tissue

The subcutaneous tissue is like the foundation of a house

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Melanocytes

• irregularly shape cells that produce melanin

•Cells with long processes that extend between the keratinocytes of the stratum Basale and stratum spinosum

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A genetic lack of melanin production causes a condition called _

Albinism

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Regions that are composed of loose connective tissue

• Papillary layer of the dermis
• Subcutaneous tissue or hypodermis

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Functions of the subcutaneous layer

•Storage of energy (lipids)
•Insulation & padding

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Melanocytes

Protect skin from UV Damage

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Merkel cells

Sensing external stimuli

Collagen and elastic fibers

Structural strength and flexibility of the skin

Multiple epidermal layers

Inhibition of microorganism entry

Blood vessels of the papillary layer

Temperature regulation

Components of the integumentary system

Nails Hair Skin Cutaneous glands

The ear drum is protected from entry of dirt and small insects into the ear canal by the presence of _

Cerumen

The layers of the skin include the _ which is the most superficial and the _ which is deeper

Epidermis; dermis

Region A is pointing to the _ while arrow B is pointing to the _

Dermis, hypodermis

Epidermis

Stratified squamous epithelium

Dermis

Loose connective tissue and dense irregular connective tissue

Hypodermis

Loose connective tissue & adipose

Describe the cerumen

Produced by ceruminous glands Waxy secretion

Where is the primary ossification center during endochondral ossification in a long bone?

Diaphysis

Which osseous tissue is found on the surface of all bones?

Compact

What would happen to the bone if it were to lose its collagen component?

The bone would be very brittle

In which zone of the epiphyseal plate are chondrocytes multiplying?

Zone of the proliferation

In adults, what is the remnant of the growth plate called?

Epiphyseal line

The structure found between the epiphysis and diaphysis in a child and is a site of growth is the _ _

Epiphyseal plate

The layer of connective tissue lining the internal surfaces and medullary cavity of a bone is called the _

Endosteum

Low blood calcium levels stimulate the release of which hormone?

Parathyroid hormone

The hollow space in which osteocytes reside is called the

Lacuna Lacunae

What are the osteoblasts?

Bone forming cells that produce bone matrix

The expanded end of a long bone is called a _

Epiphysis

_ is the principle hormone in regulating blood levels of calcium

Parathyroid hormone

Name the bone cells

Osteocytes Osteoblasts Osteoclasts

What is intramembranous ossification?

Formation of bone within a connective tissue membrane

Bone tissue comprised of trabeculae is called _ bone

Spongy

What is an osteoclast?

A bone destroying cell that plays a role in bone remodeling

The removal of bone matrix is the function of bone cells known as

Osteoclast Osteoclasts

What is the perichondrium?

The connective tissue covering the cartilage

What is rickets?

A condition caused by insufficient levels of vitamin D

The type of bone tissue found in the interior of flat bones and epiphyses is called _ bone

Cancellous Spongy

The type of cartilage which most bones are formed from and is important in bone growth in length is _

Hyaline

Bones are the primary storage location for _

Calcium

The process which changes the shapes of bones to adjust to bone stress, replaces old bone matrix and facilitates the repair of bone

Bone remodeling

Mature bone is composed of _ material such as collagen and _ material such as hydroxyapatite

Organic, inorganic

The narrow channels connecting neighboring lacunae are called

Canaliculi

Bones are attached to other bones by _

Ligaments

Bone tissue comprised of osteons is called _ bone

Compact

Bones increase in width of thickness because of _ growth beneath the periosteum

Appostional

The vitamin that is responsible for increasing the amount of calcium absorbed from the diet is

Vitamin D

The types of movements that occur at a joint are determined by the

Tightness of ligaments Types of connecting tissue Shape of articulating surfaces

An abnormal, forced extension of a joint beyond it’s normal range of motion is called

Hyperextension

What is the function of the fontanels in infants

Allows for brain growth in early years Makes the skull flexible during the birthing process

Tooth

Fibrous

Intervertebral

Cartilaginous

Elbow

Synovial

Ballet dancers often point their toes using a movement referred to as _

Plantar flexion

The classification of a joint as fibrous, cartilaginous or synovial describes:

How the bone ends are held together within the joint

The thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the ends of bones at the joint is called the _ cartilage

Articular

Types of angular movements allowed at synovial joints

Extension Abduction Flexion

What bones are joined at the lambdoid suture?

Parietal Occipital

The ligament that binds the radius and the ulna together in the center of the bones is a _ joint

Syndesmosis

Nonmovable

Synarthroses

Slightly movable

Amphiarthroses

Freely movable

Diarthroses

A point where two bones meet is called a

Articulation Joint

A gomphosis is structurally classified as a _ joint

Fibrous

The anatomical name of a joint is determined by the manner in which the bone ends are connected at the joint

False

Types of cartilaginous joints

Synchondroses Symphyses

The fluid within the articular (joint) cavity is called _ fluid

Synovial

Gomphoses

Tooth and alevolar process

Syndesmoses

Tibia and fibula

Suture

Parietal and temporal bones

What bones are joined at the squamous suture?

Parietal Temporal

Shoulder

Ball and socket joint

Proximal radioulnar joint

Pivot joint

Carpals and metacarpals

Saddle joint

Atlas and occipital bone

Ellipsoid

A fibrocartilage pad found between the bones within the knee joint is called

Meniscus