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Patho > EXAM 2 (INFLAMMATION/HEMATOLOGY) > Flashcards

EXAM 2 (INFLAMMATION/HEMATOLOGY) Flashcards

1
Q

What is chronic inflammation

A

-inflammation that is developed from a recurrent or progressive acute inflammatory process
-generally provoked from low-grade, persistent infections or irritants

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2
Q

Describe anaphylactic reaction

A

-rapid onset
-dyspnea (tight through, bronchospasm)
-feeling of apprehension
-Itching
-low BP
-tachycardia
-loss of consciousness
-tingling and swelling in mouth, face, throat, and tongue

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3
Q

What is secondary immune deficiency?

A

immune system does not work correctly due to treatments or illness

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4
Q

Describe Innate Immunity

A

-natural immunity
-present at birth
-chemical/physical barriers (skin, stomach acid, linings of gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and respiratory tracts)
-expelled through urine, tears, sweat, cough, etc

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5
Q

What are the types of immunoglobins and what do they do?

A

IgA
IgD
IgE
IgG
IgM
-Release chemical mediators (histamine, serotonin, neutrophil factor, kinins, SRS-A)

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6
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

The body replenishing its supply of blood cells, the primary site being from the bone marrow in adults and the liver and spleen in fetuses

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7
Q

Chronic myeloid leukemia
(CML)

A

is associated with an
abnormal chromosome
known as the Philadelphia
chromosome, in which
pieces of two
chromosomes break off
and trade places, forming
a defective gene

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8
Q

Hematocrit

A

proportion of blood volume that is occupied in RBC

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9
Q

Basophils

A

-release histamine
-important source of cytokine

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10
Q

What is host resistance?

A

Protection against pathogens

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11
Q

What is the role of antibodies?

A

Promote release of vasoactive substances; activation of complement system and phagocytosis

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12
Q

What do cytokines do?

A

Responsible for activating other cells and regulating inflammatory response.

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13
Q

What are the mediators in the body?

A

Histamine
Eosinophil
Platelet-activating factor
Prostaglandins
Leukotrienes
Bradykinin
serotonin

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14
Q

What is shock?

A

Low tissue perfusion (low intravascular volume)

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15
Q

How many receptors does histamine act through and what do they each cause?

A

-2
-Histamine 1_vasodilation + increased capillary permeability
-Histamine 2_increased secretion on gastric acid

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16
Q

What is a natural killer cell?

A

-type of lymphocyte
-eliminates cells infected with viruses

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17
Q

What are the symptoms of leukemia?

A

Anemia
Neutropenia
Thrombocytopenia

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18
Q

Impaired Hemostais

A

Due to Vitamin K dificiency
liver disease

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19
Q

What are mature neutrophils called?

A

Segs

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20
Q

Thrombopoiesis

A

Formation of platelets in bone marrow by stem cells

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21
Q

What are neutrophils?

A

-first cells to appear at acute inflammatory site
-engulf bacteria and other cellular debris
-short life span

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22
Q

What are the cardinal symptoms of Inflammation

A

-pain
-swelling
-redness (rubor, erthyema)
-heat
-loss of function

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23
Q

Classification by size and hemoglobin of red blood cells

A

-Macrocytic–large erythrocyte
-Normocytic – Normal erythrocyte
-Microcytic – small erythrocyte

-Normochromic – Normal hemoglobin
-Hypochromic – reduced hemoglobin

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24
Q

Slide 69

A
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25
Q

What is hemostasis controlled by?

A

Spleen
lymph system
liver

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26
Q

What is phagocytosis

A

When phagocytes trap/ingest/destroy microorganisms and remove cellular debris

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27
Q

Folic acid is used for what?

A

normal RBC maturation

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28
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

Low platelet count

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29
Q

Non-Hodkin Lymphoma

A

not as good survival
lack reed sternberg cells

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30
Q

What is the normal hemocrit count?

A

M >55%
F >50%

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31
Q

Hemolytic

A

excess destruction of RBC

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32
Q

Neutrophils

A

-Short life span
-immature neutrophils will be released by the bone marrow to keep up with demand

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33
Q

IgM

A

-First antibody to appear in response to antigen
-first to be made by newborn

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34
Q

Inflammatory chemical mediators such as Histamine, Prostaglandins, Bradykinin are housed and synthesized in which cell?
a. Plasma cell
b. Band cell
c. Mast cell
d. CD4 T-cell

A

C

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35
Q

Kidney disorders also leave person at risk for hypoxia

A
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36
Q

what is B12 needed for

A

normal RBC maturation and division

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37
Q

What is opsonization?

A

The process where a pathogen is marked for ingestion and destruction by a phagocyte

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38
Q

IgG

A

-most abundant
-only antibody to cross the placenta

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39
Q

What are the plasma protein systems?

A

-C-reactive protein
-complement and kinin systems

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40
Q

What is Type I hypersensitivity triggered by?

A

Exposure to Allergens

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41
Q

What are some clinical manifestations of sickle cell anemia?

A

Pain, clots, pallor pale, fatigue, jaundice possible, increase cardiac and respiratory, angular cheilosis (corner of mouth has ulcers), Pica (crave starch, ice, and dirt)

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42
Q

Describe Inflammation

A

-occurs in vascularized tissues
-activation is rapid
-has both chemical and cellular components
-minimize effects of injury and infection
-generates new tissue and removes damaged tissue
-facilitates healing
-inflammation means its already infected

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43
Q

What are the types of T cells

A

-helper
-cytotoxic
-memory

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44
Q

What are some variables that affect the immune system function?

A

-Nutrition
-age
-history
-lifestyle

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45
Q

What is macrocytic anemia and list examples.

A

large size normal color
e.g. intravascular hemolytic anemia, B12/ folic deficiency

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46
Q

Hemoglobin

A

iron-containing oxygen-transport metalloprotein in RBC

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47
Q

AIDS stands for?

A

Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome

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48
Q

What is the main function of platelets?

A

They are a clotting protein

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49
Q

What is the normal WBC range

A

4,000-10,000 (u/L)

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50
Q

What is acquired immunity?

A

specific protection against a foreign antigen that resulted from previous exposure to that antigen. Can be active or passive

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51
Q

What are reticulocytes

A

Immature red blood cells

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52
Q

What does serotonin do?

A

vasoconstrict
contraction of bronchial smooth muscle

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53
Q

Anemia

A

Reduction in the total # of erythrocytes in the circulating blood or in the quality of quantity of hemoglobin.

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54
Q

What does bradykinin do?

A

-hypotension
-pain
-contraction of smooth muscle
-vasodilation
-increase vascular permeability

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55
Q

What is secondary polycythemia?

A

Excessive production of erythropoietin
-could be do to excessive stimulus

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56
Q

What does natural immunity do?

A

-white blood cell action: release cell mediators
-inflammatory response
-protects the body with physical/chemical barriers

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57
Q

What can cause Type II hypersensitivity?

A

blood transfusions
hemolytic anemia

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58
Q

IgE

A

-major function as mediator of allergic responses
-defends against parasitic infections
-respond with in minutes
-stimulates release of mast cell or basophils

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59
Q

What is thalassemia?

A

An autosomal blood disorder
-reduction in production of normal hemoglobin
-factors: deficiency/impared synthesis of hemoglobin, hemolysis, interference with RBC maturation

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60
Q

Describe adaptive immunity

A

-development of antibodies
-slow to respond
-antibodies formed in response to antigens
-promotes against reinfection
-long-term with protection against future exposure to same microorganism

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61
Q

What is a hypersensitive reaction initiated by in the body and what is it mediated by?

A

-immunological mechanisms
-IgE antibodies

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62
Q

Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL)

A

Reed Sternberg cells
enlarged painless lymph nodes
fatigue
weight loss

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63
Q

Which one of the following chemical mediators is responsible for pain sensation?
a.)Histamine
b.)Prostaglandin
c.)Platelet
d.)Leukotriene

A

B

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64
Q

Disease

A

infected host displays decline in wellness due to infection

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65
Q

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

A

Clot in one area and bleed in another
triggers include: sepsis, trauma, shock, cancer, toxins, liver disease, allergies
altered hemostasis mechanisms (massive clotting, and bleeding)

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66
Q

What are the plasma proteins?

A

Albumin
Globulin
Clotting factors/proteins

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67
Q

What are the immature neutrophils called?

A

Bands

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68
Q

List some lymphocyte functions, specifically T cells

A

-secrete lymphokines (help activate T cells, stimulate B cells to mature, activate macrophages

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69
Q

The nurse demonstrates understanding of natural immunity when he makes which of the following statement?
A. “Administration of human immune globulins boosts the immunity”
B. “Timely vaccination could easily provide protection from hepatitis”
C. “Breastfeeding is the best way to enhance the infant’s immunity”
D. “The skin provides the first line of defense in warding of disease”

A

D

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70
Q

Where do lymphocytes originate from?

A

-undifferentiated come from bone marrow
-T cells come from thymus

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71
Q

Types of immunity practice
a. baby born with IgG antibodies
b. person has antibodies after an infection of COVID-19
c. person receives their immunization
d. pt receives intravenous rabies immunoglobins in ED after being bit by an animal with rabies
e. 9-month-old receives antibodies from mothers breastmilk

A

a. passive
b. active
c. active
d. passive
e. passive

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72
Q

What is erythropoietin?

A

A hormone produced in the kidneys that is produced when oxygen levels are decreased. This hormone stimulate maturation of red blood cells from the stem cells

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73
Q

What are some signs of anemia

A

-fatigue
-angular cheilosis (ulcers on the corner of the mouth
-Pica: craving of ice, starch, or dirt
-tachycardia
-hyperventilation

74
Q

What is natural immunity?

A

A nonspecific response to any foreign invader

75
Q

What can cause Type III hypersensitivity?

A

Rheumatoid arthritis, SLE, drugs to treat organ transplant rejection

76
Q

How can type IV present on the skin?

A

eruptions and inflammation of the skin

77
Q

What is microcytic anemia and list examples.

A

small size, pale color RBC
e.g. iron deficiency, sickle cell anemia

78
Q

What do lymphocytes do?

A

-activate macrophages
-initiate immune responses such as B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes

79
Q

Acute lymphocytic
leukemia (ALL)

A

develops when
abnormal white blood
cells accumulate in the
bone marrow. These
cells divide rapidly,
replacing healthy cells
and, in some cases,
invade healthy organs.

80
Q

Sensitization

A

initiates buildup of antibodies

81
Q

Which blood type is universal recipient

A

AB+

82
Q

What is opportunistic infection?

A

organisms that normally cause no harm to those with a strong immune system, but due to those that are immunocompromised

83
Q

What are the chains of infection?

A

Infectious agent
reservoir
portal of exit
means of transmission
portal of entry
susceptible host
restart

84
Q

Colonization

A

describes microorganisms present without host inference or interaction

85
Q

What is a left-shift?

A

-An increased number of bands in the CBC
-due to infection
-less mature neutrophils

86
Q

What are some clinical manifestations of Thalassemia?

A

Anemia, poor appetite, paleness, enlarged liver/heart, jaundice

87
Q

Leukocytosis

A

Increase in white blood cell count (WBC >10,000)

88
Q

What does aplastic anemia lead to?

A

Pancytopenia (a deficiency in RBC, WBC, and platelets)

89
Q

What is aplastic anemia?

A

when bone marrow and blood stem cells are damaged

90
Q

What can cause aplastic anemia?

A

chemicals and drugs
radiation
infection…

91
Q

Atopy

A

allergic responses that have a genetic presisposition

92
Q

Erythrocyte

A

Red Blood Cells

93
Q

IgA

A

-defends against invaders on body surfaces (ex. GI tract, respiratory tract)
-found in body and bodily secretions

94
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

platelet count below 100,000/mm3 (below 20,000 can cause spontaneous bleeding)

95
Q

What is vector borne transmission?

A

transmission involving insects or animals

96
Q

Slide 122

A
97
Q

Describe phagocytes

A

-travel in the bloodstream to site of inflammation
-perform phagocytosis
-attracted to inflammation site by chemical messages

98
Q

What do chemical mediators do?
List the chemical mediators

A

regulate processes such as inflammation
-Histamine
-leukotrienes
-Prostaglandins (PG2)

99
Q

Review slide 26 & 27

A
100
Q

What does B12 rely on in order to be absorbed and what is it?

A

It relies on the intrinsic factor which is a protein that is secreted in the gastric parietal cells and carries B12 to the ileum for absorption.

101
Q

What the 4 types of hypersensitivity?

A

Type I: Anaphylactic (allergy)
Type II: Alloimmunity (reaction to tissues of another individual)
Type III: Autoimmunity (attacks self)
Type IV: Immune deficiency

102
Q

How is HIV transmitted

A

By body fluids containing HIV or infected CD4 Lymphocytes

103
Q

What is hemolytic anemia?

A

premature destruction of RBC, which results in compensatory increase in RBC production (bone marrow is hyperactive and increase # of reticulocytes in blood) Think blood disorders

104
Q

what is B12 anemia also known as

A

Pernicious anemia

105
Q

IgD

A

-plays a role in B cell activation
-located on surface of most B cells

106
Q

What are the stages of infection and describe them

A

Incubation - from time of infection until symptoms present themselves
Prodromal - presence of vague symptoms
Illness - present signs and symptoms
Decline - # of pathogens decline as well as medical therapies
Convalescence - tissue repair, return to health

107
Q

What is normocytic anemia and list examples.

A

normal size and color RBC
e.g aplastic anemia

108
Q

What is allergy?

A

An inappropriate and often harmful response of the immune system to an normally harmless substance.

109
Q

Why does a mother whose first child is Rh positive need to be cautions in her second pregnancy?

A

Because the mother is Rh- and since the 1st is Rh+ the Rh+ crossed the bloodstream and the mother fought off those antigens and has antibodies to fight Rh+. Thus in the second pregnancy those antibodies could attack the fetal red blood cells

110
Q

What does a titer do?

A

A titer measures the presence and amount of antibodies present in the blood

111
Q

Chronic lymphocytic
leukemia (CLL)

A

slow-growing cancer that
begins in immune cells
called lymphocytes. These
cells develop in bone
marrow, but eventually
travel into the blood. CLL
develops when too many
abnormal lymphocytes
grow, crowding out
normal blood cells

112
Q

Slide 27 hema

A
113
Q

What is primary polycythemia?

A

Bone marrow is hypercellular (proliferative disorder)
risk for blood clots and bleeding
managed with phlebotomy

114
Q

What does Type I of hypersensitivity do to the body?

A

Vasodilation
increased vascular permeability
smooth muscle contraction
mucus secretion

115
Q

Describe Histamine

A

-Chemical mediator
-released to activate inflammatory response generally in allergic reaction
-synthesized and stored by mast cells and basophils

116
Q

What is hypersensitivity?

A

A reflection of excessive or aberrant immune response

117
Q

Thrombocytosis

A

High platelet count

118
Q

What are some possible causes of anemia?

A

poor nutrition
bleeding

119
Q

What is the complement and kinin system?

A

-systems that help separate families of proteins to help facilitate an inflammatory response.
-function: pain response, vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, activating other parts of the inflammatory response.

120
Q

What is another name for white blood cells?

A

leukocytes

121
Q

What is erythropoiesis and what is it primarily controlled by?

A

The production of red blood cells, and it is primarily controlled by tissue oxygen needs

122
Q

What are the three lines of defense?

A

1st – Innate immunity
2nd –Inflammation
3rd – Adaptive Immunity

123
Q

What is the difference between active and passive immunity?

A

-Passive is short turn and comes natural from placenta transfer or artificial injection of antibodies (breast milk)
-Active is longer term and occurs from infection of artificial stimulation such as vaccines

124
Q

Immune disorders that result from failure of the tolerance to “self” responding immunologically to one’s own antigen are called:
a. Immunodeficiency disease
b. Hypersensitivity disorder
c. Desensitization disorders
d. Autoimmune disorder

A

D-Type III

125
Q

Thrombopoietin

A

The hormone that controls the production of thrombocytes. This hormone is produced in liver, kidney, and bone marrow. Released is based on the # of platelets in circulation.

126
Q

What do mast cells do?

A

Responsible for activating chemical mediators as well as mediators of vasodilation and vascular constriction.

127
Q

Immunopathology

A

Study of diseases that dysfunction the immune system

128
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of anaphylaxis

A

-tachycardia then hypotension
-shock: intravascular volume loss
-myocardial ischemia
-lower respiratory: bronchoconstriction, wheeze, cough, SOB
-upper respiratory: laryngeal/pharyngeal edema

129
Q

A decrease in the O2 levels in the blood will do what?

A

It will increase the rate of red blood cell production

130
Q

When inflammation occurs, the chemical mediators such as Prostaglandins and Histamine, lead to which of the following reactions?
A. Vasodilation
B. Decreased capillary permeability
C. Hypothermia
D. Pain
E. Bronchoconstriction

A

A, E, D

131
Q

Infection

A

indicates host interaction with organism

132
Q

What is resistance to infection typically associated with?

A

-Presence of antibodies
-cells acting against specific microorganisms

133
Q

Describe platelets

A

-in the bloodstream until vascular injury occurs
-activated by tissue destruction and inflammation
-releases growth factors to promote wound healing

134
Q

localized lyphadenopathy

A

drainage of an inflammatory or infectious lesion located near the enlarged node

135
Q

Thrombocyte

A

Platelet

136
Q

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

A

Neutrophil
Lymphocyte
Monocyte
Eosinophil
Basophil

137
Q

What are the modes of transmission?

A

Contact
Droplet
Airborne
Vector-borne

138
Q

What is superinfection?

A

Infection cause by broad spectrum antibodies that disturb the normal flora

139
Q

What is polycythemia?

A

When there are too many blood cells

140
Q

What are the stages of HIV Disease

A

Primary infection (1-6 weeks, no symptoms to flu-like symptoms)
HIV asymptomatic (lasts for 10 years, body is still able to fight)
HIV symptomatic (immune system deteriorates)
AIDS ( less than 200 CD4+ lymphocytes)

141
Q

What are clinical manifestations of polycythemia?

A

hypervolemia and hypervelocity
ruddy complexion
hypertension
increase blood viscosity

142
Q

Anaphylaxis

A

a severe, whole-body allergic reaction to a chemical that has become an allergen

143
Q

Immunity

A

Bodies defense against a foreign agent or organism

144
Q

HIV stands for?

A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

145
Q

Slide 31

A
146
Q

Can positive donate to negative

A

no

147
Q

What is primary immune deficiency?

A

immune system that does not work correctly

148
Q

What does a low WBC mean?
What does a high WBC mean?

A

low=risk for infection

high=already infected

149
Q

Was is C-reactive protein?

A

-a protein commonly used in lab to measure for inflammation (increased during inflammation)
-produced in liver
-a plasma protein system

150
Q

What are clinical signs of anemia?

A

-acute or chronic blood loss
-impaired erythrocyte production
-increased erythrocyte destruction (hemolytic)

151
Q

Describe leukotrienes and what do they do?

A

-chemical mediator
-help with inflammation
-similar to histamine
-increases vascular permeability
-promote bronchoconstriction + airway edema
-initiate inflammatory response

152
Q

What are the stages of inflammatory response?

A

1-Pain & decreased mobility
2- Heat & erythema
3- Edema and induration (thickening and hardening of soft tissues)
4- Pus
5- Scar formation

153
Q

Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)

A

destruction of platelets exceeds bone marrows ability to replace them
autoimmune

154
Q

Describe prostaglandins, what are they also called and what do they do?

A

-PG2
-similar to histamine
-increase capillary permeability
-vasodilation
-fever
-pain

155
Q

Look at slide 19 in infectious diseases

A
156
Q

Natural Immunity

A

Nonspecific response to any foreign invader

157
Q

Acute myeloid leukemia
(AML)

A

the most common
type of acute leukemia in
adults, occurs when the
bone marrow makes
immature blood cells
called myeloblasts

158
Q

What blood type is universal for donation

A

O-

159
Q

Describe Eosinophils

A

-Defense against parasites
-predominant in allergic reactions
-controls the degree of response in the inflammatory system
-released from disrupted mast cells

160
Q

What is Rh factor

A

antibody

161
Q

Leukocyte

A

White Blood Cells

162
Q

Review slide 78

A
163
Q

What are monocytes?

A

-produced in the bone marrow
-move to the inflammatory site where they develop into macrophages
monocyte-derived macrophages arrive @ inflammatory site 24 hr or later after neutrophils

164
Q

What are the protective functions of inflammation?

A

-Prevent and limit infection and further damage
-limit and control inflammation process
-prepare injury for healing and repair
-facilitates development of adaptive immune response

165
Q

What are effects of histamine?

A

-vasodilation (hives)
-bronchoconstriction (wheezing)
-increase permeability of capillaries (swelling, ICF->ECF)
-secretion (think runny nose, vomit)
-increased heart rate

166
Q

Hypoproliferation

A

defected/decreased production of RBC,

167
Q

Which of the following occurs to stimulate the kidney to release erythropoietin?
A. Fever
B. Hypoxia
C. High blood pressure
D. Low urine output

A

B

168
Q

Etiology of Anemia

A

Hypoproliferation
Hemolytic
Blood loss (Acute or chronic)

169
Q

Slide 48

A
170
Q

Iron cycle

A

Iron produced by recycling iron from RBC

171
Q

What is the window period?

A

Time after infection where HIV test still shows negative

172
Q

What type of anemia is Iron anemia?

A

Microcytic-hypochromic anemia

173
Q

Multiple myeloma

A

OLD -Old age
C- Calcium elevated
R- Renal Failure
A- Anemia
B- Bone Lytic Lesions

174
Q

Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT)

A

reaction from heparin
causes platelets to drop 50%

175
Q

What do B cells do when they mature?

A

Produce antibodies

176
Q

Lymphadenopthy

A

enlarged lymph nodes that become palpable and tender

177
Q

What are the ways that allergens can be contacted?

A

Inhaled
Ingested
Injected
Contacted

178
Q

What type of anemia is B12 anemia?

A

Macrocytic and normochromic

179
Q

Where do B and T cells mature?

A

-B cells in the bone marrow
-T cells in thymus and they also differentiate into cells with various functions

180
Q

Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP)

A

occlusions occur due to tiny clots

181
Q

Hemostasis

A

The process to stop bleeding. It involves:
vascular response
platelet plug formation
plasma clotting factors
lysis of clot

Patho (1 decks)

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