Exam 2 Immunity Flashcards
Skin Defense and Failures
Defense - Epidermal Barrier
Failures - Punctures, burns, ulcers, penetration
GI Tract Defense and Failures
Defense - Normal flora, Epithelial barrier, Acidic secretions, bile, pancreatic enzymes
Failures - proliferation of microbes, uptake through M cells, Acid production problems, Broad spectrum abx use
Respiratory Tract Defense and Failures
Defense - Mucociliary clearance, alveolar macrophages
Failures - Ciliary paralysis, lack of mucous production, microbe proliferation
Urogenital tract Defense and Failures
Defense - Urination, normal vaginal flora, epidermal/epithelial barrier
Failures - Abx use, Urinary obstruction, infection/invasion, trauma, microbe proliferation
Cytokines are _____ proteins, which regulate innate and acquired _____, _____, _____, _____ and ______ though ______ signaling.
They function in a predominantly ______ fashion
Signaling, Immunity, hematopoiesis, inflammation, repair and proliferation, extracellular, paracrine.
Innate immunity 1_____, 2_____, 3_____
1) Rapid response to pathogens (seconds to minutes)
2) Chemical complement and physical cell types quickly attack the pathogen
3) Reguires no previous exposure to respond to antigen
Acquired immunity: 1 _______ 2 ______ 3 ______
1) Slower activation and can last a lifetime
2) Example vaccinations
3) T cells (cytotoxic killer) and B cells (Antibodies so secondary exposures illicit a more prolific response)
The role of arachidonic acid metabolites in inflammation response
1 ____ 2___ 3___ 4____ 5____ 6____
1) Arachidonic acid is secreted upon damage to the host cells from pathogen
2) Mast cells release histamine, and chemo toxins released by damaged cells
3) Vasodilation and increased blood flow is caused (leading to warmth)
4) Increased permeability due to widening endothelial cell connections (Edema)
5) Neutrophils and macrophages rush to the area to chemically and physically attack pathogen
6) After pathogen/infection is killed inflammation should resolve
INFLAMMATION PROMPTS INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM
Macrophages (monocytes)
Cell surface covered with _____, produce ____, present ____ to __ and __ cells
Receptors, cytokines, antigens, B, T
Dendritic Cells
Made in ____, _____ presenting cells, Produces _____ : type 1 _____ for ____ infections
Bone marrow, antigen, cytokines, interferon, viral
Cytokines are the way that
Cells are told what to do
MHC (major Histocompatibility Complex) AKA HLA (Human Leukocyte Antigen) role in cell mediated immunity
Marks body cells as “self”
These complexes are PROTEINS THAT PRESENT ANTIGENS ON CELL SURFACE
3 Classes of MHC
Type 1: Intracellular presentation, cytotoxic cells recognize antigens on MHC class 1 Type 2: Helper antigen presenting cells, cause T helper cells to recognize antigens on MHC class 2
HIV transmission
Blood, semen, contaminated needles, contaminated blood transfusions, artificial insemination, in utero to developing fetuses of infected mothers
Significance of CD4 count with HIV
CD4 count less than 200/L indicates HIV is now AIDS, immune competence is significantly reduced and there is a high risk of opportunistic infections
HIV common infections
P Jiroveci PNA, viruses (cytomegalovirus), fungi (Candida), bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis/Adium and staphylococcus), Cryptosporidium (a protozoan) causes diarrhea
Most reliable test for HIV
ELISA (once patients had enough time to seroconvert)
Complement: ____ plasma proteins synthesized by ___, ___, and ____
20, liver, macrophages, neutrophils
Complement Functions 1) ____ 2) ____ 3) _____ 4) _____
1) Enhance inflammation
2) Chemotaxis (movement of cell/organism in a direction to a gradient of increasing or decreasing concentration of a particular substance)
3) Lysis of target cells
4) Opsonization (immune process where particles such as bacteria are targeted for destruction by an immune cell known as a phagocyte. The process of opsonization is a means of identifying the invading particle to the phagocyte)
Cytokines and Chemokines (cytokines that function as chemotactic factors) 1 _____ 2____ 3____
1) Signaling molecules that affect the functioning of other cells
2) Complex intracellular communication
3) Enhance and coordinate innate and specific immune defenses
Potential mechanisms where erroneous reaction immune system with “self” tissue leads to autoimmune diseases
T lymphocytes - (capable with reacting with self tissue) are destroyed or permanently inactivated during development in thymus [Positive selection selects for only those TH or TC cells that can recognize self MHC I or MHC II, become MHC-restricted, MHC-restricted TH or TC cells then exposed to all self antigens, negative selection - self-antigen recognizing cells are destroyed in thymus]
Clonal Deletion - Lymphocytes come in contact with all self antigens during development, those that bind to self antigens are deleted (killed)
B lymphocytes capable of reacting with self antigens are eliminated in bone marrow
Autoimmunity
Immune system recognizes it’s own cells as foreign and mounts an immune response that injures self tissues
Self tolerance breaks down into _______ , _______
Central tolerance, peripheral tolerance
Failure of self tolerance due to
Susceptibility genes that disrupt tolerance pathways, persistent microbial infections, antigen mimicry, release of sequestered antigens, decreased tree cells
Treatment of autoimmunity 1_____ 2____
1) immunosuppressive drugs: corticosteroids, TNF inhibitors
2) Cytotoxins: kill actively proliferating lymphocytes
High mutation rate (2)
HIV -> AIDS
Influenza Virus -> Influenza
Genetic Reassortment (2)
Influenza Virus -> Influenza
Rotavirus -> Diarrhea
Genetic Rearrangement (3)
Borellia Burgdoferi -> Lymes Disease
Neiserria Gonorrhea -> Gonorrhea
Plasmodium sp. -> Malaria
Diverse serotypes (3)
Rhinovirus -> colds
Streptococcus -> PNA
Pneumoniae -> Meningitis
Hypersensitivity
Normal immune response that is either inappropriately triggered, excessive or produces undesirable effects on body (usually doesn’t occur on first exposure)
Hypersensitivity types I, II, III mediated by antibodies produced by
B lymphocytes
Hypersensitivity type IV mediated by
T cells
Type I Hypersensitivity
Immediate Hypersensitivity, occurs ____ min after exposure to antigen/allergen, Ig_ mediated, ___ cells and ___ effector cells
Early Phase _____
Late Phase ______
Manifestations ______
Treatment ______
15-30, E, mast, principal
Vascular smooth muscle reactions
Inflammation
Hives, eczema, rhinitis - throat constriction, tachycardia - Anaphylaxis
Antihistamines, Beta agonists (bronchodilator), corticosteroids (Anti-inflammatory), anticholinergics (block PNS), Epi
Type II Hypersensitivity
Tissue specific, cytotoxic, cytolytic hypersensitivity
Reaction often ____ but sometimes ____, Ig_, antibodies attack antigens on surface of specific cells or tissues causing _____
Examples ____, ____, ____, ____, _____
Immediate, over time, G, lysis,
Transfusion reaction
Hemolytic Disease of newborns: mothers RH+ antibodies attack fetus RBC’s. Give RhoGAM to Rh- mothers
Myasthenia Gravis: Ab against ACHR in motor end plates of skeletal muscle, degrades muscle cell membrane. Tx anti-inflammatories, anti-cholinesterase meds
Graves’ disease: Hyperthyroid, TSH receptor, goiter too much T3/4
Graft Rejection: Tissue antigen from donor and recipient has Ab’s
